Putting Biotechnology to Work Bioprocess Engineering (1992) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
6 The Future
6 The Future
Pages 86-101
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 86... ...
They can be adapted easily to growth in serum-free media. The unique biphasic life cycle of the baculovirus, which readily infects cultured insect cells, makes it an ideal vector for expression of foreign genes.
|
From page 87... ...
Although insect cells have most of the posttranslational machinery of mammalian cells, proteins produced in the baculovirus system are not processed in precisely the same way as in mammalian hosts (Luckow, 1990; Shuler et al., 1990~. Currently, the insect cell-baculovirus system is widely used to produce research quantities of proteins in many industrial laboratories.
|
From page 88... ...
The need for a permanent synthetic implant is eliminated through the use of natural tissue constituents without the disruption and relocation of a whole piece of normal tissue. The use of isolated cells also allows removal of other cell types that might be the target of immune responses, thus diminishing the rejection process.
|
From page 89... ...
Novel biomaterials that incorporate specific peptide sequences will be developed to improve cell adhesion and promote differentiated-cell growth by releasing growth factors, angiogenesis factors, and other bioactive molecules. Cell-based therapies and artificial organs have the potential to have a great impact in medicine for treatment of diseases of aging, degenerative diseases, burns, blood and lymphoid disorders, orthopedic problems, and others.
|
From page 90... ...
There are serious engineering challenges in developing a system for successful large-scale cultures. Important problems remain in understanding the role of mass transfer, protein matrix for cell attachment and growth, and medium formulation, particularly the proper combination of growth factors required to optimize production of specific cell types.
|
From page 91... ...
, bioprocess engineering will be required to develop appropriate techniques for isolation and purification of the desired products. More important in the short term is that transgenic animals might provide test beds for proving the safety of new pharmaceutical entities and for accelerating their passage through the regulatory process.
|
From page 92... ...
In addition to those large-scale processes, there are plausible uses for biological catalysts on a smaller scale in a number of fields related to energy production and bioprocessing. For example, fuel cells based on enzymatic catalysis would provide an attractive method of using ethanol and perhaps other biologically derived fuels with high thermodynamic efficiency in an environmentally acceptable way.
|
From page 93... ...
The most important applications of bioprocess-engineering research and development related to agriculture and food involve production of agricultural chemicals for control of animal and plant diseases, growth-stimulating agents for improved yield, and biological insecticides and herbicides; increasing bioprocess efficiencies for fermented foods, natural food additives, food enzymes as processing aids, and separation and purification of the products; use of plant-cell culture systems to produce secondary metabolites or chemical substances of economic importance; and efficient use of renewable biomass resources for production of liquid fuel and chemical feedstocks and efficient treatment and management of agricultural wastes and wastes from food-processing industries. 6.1.10 Plant-Cell Culture The commercial potential of plant-cell tissue culture has not yet been fully recognized and is underexploited.
|
From page 94... ...
The major technical barriers to the commercial exploitation of plant-cell tissue culture are low growth rates and relatively low product yields. To mitigate those problems, research is needed in subjects as diverse as bioreactor strategies to maintain high-density cultures and enable large-scale production of chemicals through organ cultures and a mechanistic understanding of the role of elicitors in activating pathways for secondary metabolites that could lead to higher productivities of compounds with therapeutic value.
|
From page 95... ...
Nonetheless, significant bioprocess engineering challenges remain in the use of organisms to remove gas-phase organic chemicals. These include gas-solid contacting, maintaining stable microbial populations, and predicting performance for scaleup purposes.
|
From page 96... ...
If it is possible to carry out manipulations of genetic materials or cell types in space that cannot be conducted on earth and if the modifications of cell behavior or germ-line composition that result from the manipulations can be preserved on return to earth, very high value could, in principle, be achieved. Because cells can be propagated and relatively small volumes of starting material (genetically altered cells)
|
From page 97... ...
continues with its long-term goal of manned exploration of space, a major component of the reduction of space biology to engineering systems appropriate for life support of astronauts on long voyages will require the development of a specialized, light-weight, gravityinsensitive set of operations for handling and maintaining the appropriate environments for biological systems in space. The number of appropriately trained bioprocess engineers required for that effort would be substantial.
|
From page 98... ...
Even here, however, biological systems might be useful. A key element in the cleanup of weapons laboratories is the reconcentration of dilute radioisotopes into concentrated form.
|
From page 99... ...
Bioprocess engineering should begin to develop appropriate sensors and purification systems for the next generation of products. A number of applications in human therapy will require the isolation and clonal amplification of specific cell types (perhaps with stimulation by specific growth factors, cytokines, or antigens)
|
From page 100... ...
The discoveries emanating from the basic life sciences provide the fundamental knowledge from which new concepts for products and biologically based manufacturing systems are derived. The committee strongly recommends that federal funding of biotechnology research be extended to support efforts that provide the science and technology base for producing and manufacturing products from biology.
|
From page 101... ...
Hydrodynamic shear stress and mass transport modulation of endothelial cell metabolism. Biotechnol.
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.