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Issues in Risk Assessment (1993) / Chapter Skim
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APPLICATION OF THE TWO-STAGE MODEL TO ANIMAL DATA
Pages 228-232

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From page 228...
... The dividing cell has the greatest susceptibility of a genetic mistake and if cancer arises from genetic mistakes the two factors that influence tumorigenesis are increasing the rate at which genetic events occur or increasing the number of times a given cell divides. The initiated and transformed populations of cells can be augmented in size or in proliferative rates by genetic or nongenetic factors.
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From page 229...
... Several other materials, melamine and uracil, that cause an increase in bladder epithelial cell division by forming crystals (although the crystals are of a different nature) were cited additionally to support the apparent relationship between bladder cancer and urinary crystals.
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From page 230...
... A chemical might cause cancer by inducing a heritable mutation on one critical gene, by inducing heritable epigenetic changes in critical genes, or by clonal expansion of one heritable alteration. Additionally, he suggested that one compound might cause cancer through several pathways.
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From page 231...
... it can cause one heritable alteration that increases clonal expansion. Substances acting late in the process may be producing secondary mutational events rather than clonal expansion.
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From page 232...
... Please use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution.APPENDIX A 232
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Key Terms

  • cell proliferation
  • cause cancer
  • dna adduct
  • adduct formation
  • bladder cancer

  • critical genes
  • clonal expansion
  • heritable epigenetic
  • cell division
  • heritable alteration

  • epigenetic changes
  • bladder tumors
  • current bioassay
  • genetic mistakes
  • crystals irritate

  • inducing heritable
  • rodent tumors
  • genetic event
  • dose indicate
  • acting late

  • cancer arises
  • bladder epithelial
  • print version
  • genetic instability
  • latent periods

  • tumors develop
  • metabolite causes
  • increased proliferative
  • mediate cancer
  • events occur


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