The Effects on Human Health of Subtherapeutic Use of Antimicrobials in Animal Feeds (1980) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
3. Critical Review of the Epidemiological Literature
3. Critical Review of the Epidemiological Literature
Pages 22-34
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 22... ...
The majority opinion expressed in each report was that an increased prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant organisms presents a threat to human health and that the subtherapeutic use of antimicrobials increases the prevalence of R organisms in animals. In all of the reports authors were not able or did not attempt to quantitate or estimate the relative contribut~on of the subtherapeutic use of antimicrobials in animals to health problems in humans caused by R+ organisms -- one of the objectives of this study.
|
From page 23... ...
In the earlier outbreaks in the United Kingdom, there was substantial evidence indicating that the resistant bacteria were selected by indiscriminate therapeutic use of antimicrobials in animals (Anderson, 1968a; Anderson and Datta, 196 5~. The value of phase typing, as it is used in the United Kingdom, is its clear demonstration that the entire sequence of events involved in transmission of R+ organisms to humans via food is possible.
|
From page 24... ...
This suggests a substantial degree of separation of reservoirs in humans and animals. POPULATION SURVEYS By conducting retrospective health surveys of farm families, rural families with no animals, and urban families, all having had a recent hospital admission, Smith et al.
|
From page 25... ...
Although this finding suggests an association between working with livestock and increased levels of resistant organisms, the authors supplied no information on antimicrobial usage in either animals or humans nor was there a comparison of specific resistance patterns between the flora of the animals and that of the humans exposed to them.
|
From page 26... ...
In general, groups 1, 2, and 3 had similarly high proportions of colifonms with resistance to oxytetracyclines, dihydrostreptomycin, and ampicillin, group 5 had the lowest proportion, and group 4 was usually intermediate. These results indicate that living on farms, raising livestock fed antimicrobials, or being treated with antimicrobials resulted in approximately equivalent proportions of organisms with resistance to these three antimicrobials and that persons without direct exposure to antimicrobials or animals fed antimicrobials have fewer resistant organisms.
|
From page 27... ...
People in close contact with those animals and their antimicrobial-containing feed are more likely to harbor resistant organisms in their gut flora than those without contact with animals. Patients who have received therapeutic drugs have a similar or even greater likelihood of carrying resistant organisms.
|
From page 28... ...
Later, they detected resistance in organisms isolated from chickens not fed antimicrobials and from farm personnel other than the family. Of particular interest was the reversibility of the apparent selection for resistant organisms
|
From page 29... ...
animal sources to humans -- on the farm, in the slaughterhouse, or in the surrounding community. Despite some methodological problems, the study indicates that swine were the probable source of bacterial phage types that were found in poultry and beef cattle.
|
From page 30... ...
E cold fecal flora, five had urinary tract infections characterized by resistant E
|
From page 31... ...
Moreover, she reported that lower doses eliminate only a small portion of the resident flora, thereby permitting fewer resistant organisms to survive and multiply.
|
From page 32... ...
Thus, it is not possible to quantify the risk of infection from resistant bacteria resulting from such antimicrobial usage. Risks from prophylactic use are indicated in a recent report of two patients who developed endocarditis due to resistant viridans streptococci after undergoing oral penicillin prophylaxis subsequent to rheumatic fever (Parrillo et al., 1979~.
|
From page 33... ...
Regulations developed by the European Economic Community to control the use of antimicrobials in animal feeds came into force in 1974. They proscribed the addition of tetracyclines to feed, a practice that had been increasing in the Netherlands since the 1960's.
|
From page 34... ...
However, the data indicate that antimicrobialresistant organisms transfer from animals to humans who have been in contact with them on farms. Moreover, abattoir workers have been shown to harbor the same phase types as found in farm animals.
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.