Laboratory Animal Management Dogs (1994) / Chapter Skim
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3 HUSBANDRY
3 HUSBANDRY
Pages 11-34
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From page 11... ...
Socialization of puppies is also discussed in Chapter 4. Modified primary enclosures and bedding for dogs with specific disorders are described in Chapter 6 ("Special Considerations".
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From page 12... ...
Unsupervised exercise is often contraindicated in dogs with heart and metabolic diseases. Similarly, the construction and layout of primary enclosures for dogs with such conditions as muscular dystrophy, bleeding disorders, blindness, or Ehlers-Danlos syndrome must be carefully considered to avoid compromising their health and well-being.
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From page 13... ...
. Caging equipment and feeding and watering devices should provide a safe environment, make food and water readily available, minimize the opportunity for transmission of diseases and parasites, and make sanitation and sterilization efficient.
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; and disease control. Dogs can be housed in indoor facilities, outdoor facilities, or a combination of the two (sheltered housing facilities)
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. Sheltered Housing Facilities A sheltered housing facility, as defined by the Animal Welfare Regulations (AWRs)
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In general, this type of housing is discouraged for dogs being used in an experimental protocol, because environmental factors, infectious agents, and vermin are difficult to control. In other instances (e.g., in protocols requiring acclimation or in breeding colonies maintained in temperate climates)
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From page 17... ...
Indoor facilities must be sufficiently ventilated when dogs are present to provide for their comfort and well-being and to minimize odors, ammonia concentrations, drafts, and moisture condensation. Auxiliary ventilation must be provided when the ambient temperature is 29.5°C (85°F)
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, measured 1.0 m (3.3 It) above the floor, appear to provide sufficient illumination for routine animal care (Bellhorn, 1980; NRC, 1985a)
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. Primary Enclosures Primary enclosures should facilitate research while maintaining the health and well-being of the dogs.
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. Each bitch with nursing pups must be given additional floor space based on breed and behavioral characteristics and in accordance with generally accepted husbandry practices, as determined by the attending veterinarian (9 CFR 3.6clii)
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Dogs housed in groups do not require exercise periods, provided that the total floor space of the cages, pens, or runs equals the sum of-the AWR-required spaces for the dogs if housed individually. If a dog is housed without sensory contact with other dogs, it must receive positive physical contact with humans at least once a day.
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From page 22... ...
Although the relationship between sleep patterns and well-being has not been studied in dogs, there is evidence in other species that normal sleep can be disrupted by a variety of environmental stressors and that return to normal sleep patterns can be a sensitive indicator of an animal's adaptation to environmental changes (Ruckenbusch, 19751. Evidence of the importance of social interactions for dogs is strong enough to support a recommendation that dogs be socially housed in compatible groups, be given opportunities for social interaction during the exercise period, or both.
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From page 23... ...
Positive social interactions with humans can be achieved by having one or more people in the room during the exercise period. There is evidence that passive contact with a person is more reinforcing to dogs that have been socially isolated than is active contact (Stanley, 1965; Stanley and Elliot, 1962~.
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From page 24... ...
, the manufacturer of the diet to be used should be consulted about experience with the diet's performance under given conditions. Many commercially available dog foods, although designed for a specified life stage, are approved and adequate for use during all life stages.
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These estimates can be used to initiate feeding programs, but they might need substantial modification because of variations in metabolic rates of individual dogs. Under most kennel conditions, meal feeding is preferable to free-choice feeding, and individual feeding is preferable to group feeding for the following reasons: · Restricted feeding has been shown to decrease the incidence of metabolic bone disease in growing dogs that mature at greater than 30 lb (Kealy et al., 1992)
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From page 26... ...
Once an adult dog is being maintained at its ideal body size, its weight can be used as a reference for future evaluation of food requirement. However, the loss of muscle mass and gain of adipose tissue, such as are observed in several endocrine disorders, and shifts in fluid balance might make body weight an inaccurate means of assessing nutritional status; therefore, body weight should not completely replace appearance and feel as assessment methods.
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SANITATION The schedule for cleaning and disinfecting dog facilities will vary according to the physical makeup of pens, cages, or runs and other factors. Generally, primary enclosures should be cleaned as needed and sanitized at least once every 2 weeks.
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Crawford, Assistant Deputy Administrator for Animal Care, Regulatory Enforcement and Animal Care, APHIS, USDA, Beltsville, Md., personal communication, 1993~. Record-Keeping Record-Keeping for Scientists and Animal-Care Staff A life-long, day-to-day log of individual events and experimental procedures experienced by each dog especially surgery, postsurgical analgesia, and other veterinary interventions-should be carefully maintained.
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, and Record of Disposition of Dogs and Cats (VS Form 18-6~. These forms can be obtained from Regulatory Enforcement and Animal Care, APHIS, USDA, Federal Building, Room 565, 6505 Belcrest Road, Hyattsville, MD 20782 (telephone: 301-436-7833~.
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From page 30... ...
The primary enclosure must be large enough to allow a dog to turn around while standing, to stand and sit erect, and to lie in a natural position. Primary enclosures must be structurally sound, free of internal protrusions that could cause injury, constructed of nontoxic materials, and able to withstand the normal rigors of transportation.
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From page 31... ...
during any portion of their journey only if a veterinarian certifies in writing that they have been acclimated to lower temperatures and states the lowest temperature to which they have been acclimated. During transit, dogs must not be exposed to ambient temperatures exceeding 29.4°C (85°F)
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Dogs in physical distress must receive veterinary care as soon as possible (9 CFR 3.17~. REFERENCES AAFCO (Association of American Feed Control Officials)
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1990. Effects of primary enclosure size and human contact.
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From page 34... ...
, Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources, Committee on Care and Use of Laboratory Animals.
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