Laboratory Animal Management Dogs (1994) / Chapter Skim
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4 MANAGEMENT OF BREEDING COLONIES
4 MANAGEMENT OF BREEDING COLONIES
Pages 35-50
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From page 35... ...
Information on heritability of physical and other characteristics of dogs, Mendelian genetics of breeding, the incidence and characteristics of diseases that have a genetic basis, and methods for demonstrating heritability is also available (Patterson, 1975; Patterson et al., 1989; Shultz, 1970; Willis, 1989~. Reproductive Cycle of the Bitch Most bitches can become pregnant once or twice a year.
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From page 36... ...
· A midluteal and late luteal phase or metestrus (either pregnant or nonpregnant metestrus', which lasts about 2 months and during which serum progesterone remains elevated above 1 ng/ml. · A period of weak ovarian activity, or anestrus, lasting 2-10 months, in which progesterone concentration is low, and there is no evidence of estrogen stimulation of the uterus or vulva.
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From page 37... ...
Second, except under special circumstances, such as reproducing a disease model, breeding programs should conscientiously avoid inbreeding, and it has been estimated that a ratio greater than two males for each 10 females is needed to prevent an increase in the coefficient of inbreeding (Shultz, 1970~. Natural Mating Mating can be done naturally or by artificial insemination with fresh or frozen and thawed semen.
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From page 38... ...
Any variation from the expected chalky white color or 1- to 5-cc volume should be recorded. The full ejaculate should be deposited into the anterior vagina with a clean plastic pipes attached to a syringe with nonrubber (e.g., polypropylene)
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From page 39... ...
Although sperm live for several days in fresh semen, they normally die within a few hours after thawing; therefore, precise timing of insemination is important for successful impregnation. The best time to inseminate is usually shortly after oocyte maturation, which occurs 5-6 days after the initial rise in progesterone, around the time of a surge in leutinizing hormone.
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From page 40... ...
That can be done by raising the temperature of the room and placing insulation between the whelping box and the cage or floor or by using heating devices, such as heat lamps or built-in heating elements. However, caution is necessary in using such heating devices; because pups younger than 7 days old have very slow withdrawal reflexes (Breazile, 1978)
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From page 41... ...
False estrus can be confirmed by demonstrating with a progesterone ELISA kit that the serum or plasma progesterone concentration has not risen above 1 ng/ml, as would be expected for 50 days or more after ovulation if estrus were normal. Bitches that often have false estrus or have false estrus followed in a few weeks by normal estrus cause problems in maintaining breeding colonies.
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From page 42... ...
Food intake for the first day after weaning should be one-fourth of the amount required for maintenance and then gradually increased to the maintenance requirement by day 4. Ideally, lactating bitches should be within 15 percent of their prebreeding body weight at the time of weaning (AAFCO, 1993~.
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From page 43... ...
After each meal, orphaned pups should be massaged in the anal-genital region with a warm, wet cotton ball to stimulate urination and defecation. Most orphans can be completely weaned onto solid food by 5 weeks of age.
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From page 44... ...
Breeds and individual pups differ in ease of socialization (Scott, 1970~. In any case, adequate socialization allows a pup to develop normal social relationships with other dogs and to adapt to pair or group housing, to adjust more easily to unfamiliar stimuli and environmental changes, and to accept handling with little or no fear and distress (Scott, 1980~.
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From page 45... ...
Consequences of Inadequate Socialization Pups that are inadequately socialized during the sensitive period exhibit abnormal behaviors, called kennel-dog or isolation syndromes, that are characterized by one or more of the following behaviors: generalized fearfulness, fear-motivated aggression, timidity, immobility, or hyperactivity (Scott et al., 19674. Dogs that, as a result of inadequate socialization, become highly distressed when subjected to common laboratory Procedures (e.~.
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From page 46... ...
identification number of each bitch whose proestrus was first observed on that date; · for each bitch bred, identification number of stud dog, first and last dates of mating, total number of matings, and calculated or expected dates for medical examinations, moving to whelping facility, and whelping; and · expected date of next cycle. The spreadsheet should be updated periodically to include for each bitch the actual whelping date; the length of gestation; litter information, as described
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From page 47... ...
Such a list also allows examination for trends in low fertility, long or short gestation lengths as indicators of poorly timed inseminations, number of matings per cycle, projected periods during which several bitches will be in heat at the same time or no bitches will be in heat, and other matters that could reflect husbandry, management, or staff problems that need correction. REFERENCES AAFCO (Association of American Feed Control Officials)
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From page 48... ...
1968. Socialization, environmental factors, and abnormal behavioral development in animals.
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From page 49... ...
Pp. 1325-1333 in Current Veterinary Therapy.
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From page 50... ...
1990. Association between the preovulatory luteinizing hormone surge and the early ultrasonographic detection of pregnancy and fetal heartbeats in beagle dogs.
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