The National Academies Press

Currently Skimming:

Index
Pages 199-208

The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.

From page 199... ... Index A Abiotic processes conservative tracers of, 79 in contaminant mass loss, 85-87 modeling, 8, 85-87 Adaptation as evidence of bioremediation, 7, 73 by native organisms, 24 Aeration systems, 51-53 Aerobic respiration modeling, 155 oxygen delivery for, 144-146 process, 18-20 Agricultural areas, 42 Air sparking, 57-59, 124-125, 126, 127 definition, 187 monitoring conservative tracers in, 79-80 monitoring electron acceptor uptake in, 79 oxygen delivery via, 144-145 Alcohols, 32 Alkylbenzenes, 161-162 199 Anaerobic respiration, 19, 20-21, 187 measuring byproducts of, 75-76 process innovations, 132 Aquifer bioremediation systems for, 53-59 clogging, 28, 138-139 definition, 187 minerals in, 41 monitoring of, 137-140 permeability, 138-139 preparation for bioremediation,140141 Aromatic hydrocarbons, 187 B Bacteria measurement bacterial activity, rates of, 70-73 biogeography, 113-114 fatty acid analysis, 69-70 field evaluation, 67-70 metabolic adaptation, 73 microscopic counting, 68 oligonucleotide probes, 69 sample selection, 67-68, 89-90 Read the entire page →
From page 200... ... , 32, 70, 128, 188 conventional cleanup approaches, 105 engineered bioremediation of, case example, 71-72 estimate of oil/water partitioning, 164-166 estimating distribution of, 164 extent of problem with, 104-105 intrinsic bioremediation of, 105-106 levels of intrinsic attenuation of, 106-108 oily-phase residual, 170-171 practicality of bioremediation for, 104 remediation in ground water, case example, 174 remediation of subsurface mate r~al, case example, 175-178 research needs in bioremediation of, 108 C Carbon-13/14 labeling, 70-72, 80, 149 Carbon isotopes, 7, 74-75 Carbon-nitrogen-phosphorous ratio, 117 Carbonates, in aquifer matrix, 41 Chlorocatechols, 27 Coal tar, remediation of, 149 Cometabolism, 20, 21-22, 188 dead-end products from, 27-28 INDEX in ecological perspective, 114, 115 principles of, 143 Commercial bioremediation growth of, 13 standards of practice for, 61-62 status of, 129 Complexing agents, 26, 188-189 Conservative tracers, 79-80, 189 Contaminants combined remediation strategies for, 126-127 designing bioremediation strategy for, 49-50 estimating distribution in ground water, 164 estimating mass of, 161-163 halogenated, 22, 33-34, 128-129 incomplete degradation of, 27-28 low concentrations of, 25-26 metals, 20-21, 23, 26, 34-35 microbial demobilization of, 22-23 microbial destruction of, 17-22, 48 mobilization of, 26 modeling subsurface behavior of, 81-88 multiple, 27, 128 nitroaromatics, 34 plume containment, 141 prevalence, 29 sequestering of, 25-26 source removal, 140 subsurface spreading of, 49 susceptibility to bioremediation, 23, 29-35 toxicity to microorganisms, 26-27 See also Petroleum products Conventional cleanup technologies for BTEX, 15 excavation-and-incineration, 13 integrated with bioremediation, 6061, 126-127 limitations of, 12, 48 :~n preparation for bioremediation, 139 pump-and-treat methods, 12-13, 48, 61, 140, 193 Core samples, handling of, 163 Read the entire page →
From page 201... ... , 26 Evaluation of bioremediation of carbon-nitrogen phosphorous ratio, 117 case examples, 66-67, 71-72, 77, 86, 148-150 difficulty in, 14, 148 ecological perspective in feasibility studies, 116-119 evidence for, 5-6 feasibility studies, 142 field experiments for, 7-8 field measurements for, 6-7 gas surveys in, 138 individual site differences and, 88 in intrinsic bioremediation, 59-60 limitations, 9, 88-90, 148 modeling techniques for, 8-9, 8088, 153, 154 monitoring-well placement in, 138, 139, 181-182 as multidisciplinary activity, 89 principles of, 63-65, 139-140 protocols for, 94 of rate-limiting factors, 117-119 regulatory, 99-103 research needs in, 10, 131-132 Read the entire page →
From page 202... ... 202 of residual oily-phase hydrocarbons, 170-171 role of, 91, 93-94 See also Field evaluation; Measurement F Fatty acid analysis, 69-70 Fermentation, 19, 21, 190 Field evaluation of bacterial adaptation, 73 byproducts of anaerobic activity in, 75-76 carbon isotope ratios for, 74-75 of contaminant distribution, 164 of cooxidation of trichloroethylene, 129 degradable /nondegradable sub stance ratio in, 76-78 difficulty of, 63-64, 161 of electron acceptor concentration, 75 electron acceptor uptake in, 79 establishing baseline conditions for, 65-67 evidence collection for, 6 handling core samples for, 163 of hydrocarbon concentration in ground water, 178 of inorganic carbon concentration, 73-74 intermediary metabolites in, 76 labeling contaminants in, 80 laboratory microcosms for, 70-73 monitoring conservative tracers in, 79-80 need for, 64-65 of number of bacteria, 67-70 of oil/water partitioning, 164-166 of polychlorinated biphenyls, 77 of post-bioremediation processes, 178-181 of protozoa, 70 of rate of bacterial activity, 70-73 sample selection for, 67-68, 89-90 spatial heterogeneity in, 171-173 INDEX stimulating bacteria in subsites for, 78 techniques, 6-7, 148-150 of total contaminant mass, 161-163 See also Evaluation Flow models, 8-9 estimating recirculated volume in, 164 multiphase, 82 saturated, 81-82 Free product recovery, 60, 190 Gas chromatography, 73, 190 Gasoline, 32, 143 Genetic engineering, 131, 190 Geochem~cal models, 82-83 Ground water air injection systems for, 57-59 bacteriological samples from, 6768 circulation systems, 53-57 engineered bioremediation for, 4 estimating contaminant concentration in, 164-166 estimating contaminant distribution in, 164 estimating recirculated volume in, 164 evaluating processes in, 88-89 in flow models, 81-84 in intrinsic bioremediation, 41-42 tracer tests for, 138 Growth substrates, 114-116 H Halogenated aliphatics, 33 Halogenated aromatics, 34 Halogenated compounds, 22, 33-34, 128-129 Headspace analysis, 163, 182 Helium, as conservative tracer, 79 Hexachlorocyclohexane, 78 Hudson River, 77, 92 Hydraulic conductivity, 39, 190 Read the entire page →
From page 203... ... other technologies, 12-13, 4849 INT activity test, 68 Intrinsic bioremediation of aromatic hydrocarbons, 105-106 of crude oil spill, case example, 37-38 definition of, 2, 20, 191 following engineered bioremediation, 61 indications for, 4 levels of attenuation in, 106-108 limitations of, 4, 59-60 requirements for, 35-39, 59-60 site conditions for, 3, 39, 41-42 vs. engineered bioremediation, 35 Intrinsic permeability, 39, 138-139, 191 Isotope fractionation, 74-75, 191 J Jet fuel, evaluating bioremediation of, 149-150 K Read the entire page →
From page 204... ... 204 L Labeling of contaminants, 8, 80 Laboratory microcosms, 70-73 Ligands. See Complexing agents M Measurement of anaerobic activity, 75-76 of bacterial activity, 70-73 of bacterial population, 67-70 of contaminant mass loss, 85-87 of degradable/nondegradable substance ratio, 76-78 establishing baseline conditions for, 65-67 interdisciplinary integration in, 89 of labeled contaminants, 80 of metabolic byproducts, 7 of microbiological field activity, 7-8, 23-24 of microbiological field samples, 6-7, 65-67 modeling techniques for, 8-9 of protozoa, 70 research needs in, 10 of subsurface hydrogeochemical properties, 42 See also Bacteria measurement Metals, 34-35 in anaerobic respiration, 20-21 mobilization of, 26 precipitation of, microorganisms :for, 23 Methanotrophs, 129 Microbial action adaptation and, 7, 24, 73 advances in understanding of, 92 aerobic stimulation of, 144-146 air sparging for, 57-59 alternate substrates for, 143 aquifer clogging from, 28, 138-139 availability of contaminants for, 25-28 basic metabolism in, 17-20 biological specificity in, 111-112 INDEX biostimulation of, 79, 92-93, 141 147 changes in ground water chemis try from, 23-24 chemical indicators of, 23-25 in demobilizing contaminants, 22 23 description of, in bioremediation proposal, 101-102 in destroying contaminants, 17-22 determinants of, in bioremediation, 16, 147 in evaluating bioremediation, 5 6, 63, 64 evidence of, 67-70 field evaluation of, 6-8, 65, 78-80 genetic engineering for, 131 hydrogen peroxide as oxygen source for, 123-124 incomplete degradation of contain, nant by, 27-28 inorganic nutrients for, 146-147 intermediate metabolite formation in, 76 intrinsic bioremediation require ments for, 59-60 intrinsic hydrocarbon biodegrada tion by, 105-106 laboratory breeding for, 131 limits to, 128-129 measuring rate of, 70-73 on metals, 34-35 in multiple-contaminant environ ment, 27, 128 nutrient delivery for, 144 nutrients in water circulation for, 54-57 nutritional requirements for, 22 predator growth from, 25 prevented by toxicity of contami nant, 26-27 principles of, in bioremediation, 142-143 reaction rate models of, 83-84 stability in, and biodiversity, 112 113 stimulants for, 92-93 Read the entire page →
From page 205... ... INDEX See also Bacteria measurement Modeling techniques biodegradation effects in, 82 biofilm kinetics, 154-155 biological reaction rate models, 8384 BIOPLUME model, 156-158 for bioremediation evaluation, 89, 80-81 combining, 84 direct methods, 87-88 evolution of, 154-155 geochemical models, 82-83 in intrinsic bioremediation, 59 limitations of, 88 measuring mass loss in, 85-87 multiphase flow models, 82 research needs for, 10, 94-95 role of, 80-81, 84-85 saturated flow models, 81-82 sorption effects in, 81-82 types of, 81-84, 154 Moffett Naval Air Station, 66-67 Most-probable-number measures, 69, 70 Multiphase flow models, 82 N Natural gas, 86 Natural selection, 114-115, 119 Nitrate, 103 as electron acceptor, 118, 124 Nitroaromatic compounds, 34, 127 Nonaqueous-phase formation, 192 contaminants susceptible to, 29-32 flow characteristics and, 39-41 in multiphase flow models, 82 as obstacle to bioremediation, 25, 29-30 removal, before bioremediation, 140 strategies for overcoming, 26 Nutrients in air sparging, 58 delivery of, 144 in water circulation, 54-57 205 o Octadecane, 76-78 Oligonucleotide probes, 69, 192 Oxidation-reduction reaction, 18 p Pentachlorophenol, 34 Perchloroethylene, 129 Pesticides, 34, 127 Petroleum products degradable/nondegradable substances In bioremediation of, 76-78 estimating ground water concen tration of, 178 first bioremediation application to, intrinsic bioremediation of crude oil spill, 37-38 proving bioremediation of, 71-72 spatial heterogeneity in bioremediation of, 171-173 susceptibility to bioremediation, 2, 32 types of, 32 See also BTEX Phosphates in controlling hydrogen peroxide reactions, 145 effects of, on bioremediation rate, 146 Phytane, 76-78 Plume containment, 141 evaluation of, 170 levels of intrinsic attenuation in, 106-108 modeling of, 155 post-bioremediation, 178-182 Polyaromatic hydrocarbons, 127 Polychlorinated biphenyls, 34, 70, 127 anaerobic dechlorination of, 76, 92 bioremediation of, case example, 77 dehalogenation of, 129 Read the entire page →
From page 206... ... 206 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, 32, 157 Polynuclear aromatics, 149 Primary substrates, 18, 19, 142-143, 192 in cometabolism, 115 Protozoa as evidence of bioremediation, 6 field evaluation of, 70 growth in bioremediation, 25 Pump-and-treat methods integrated with bioremediation, 61 limitations of, 12-13, 48 in preparation for bioremediation, 140 process, 48, 193 Push/pull tests, 149 R Reductive dehalogenation, 20, 22, 193 Regulatory assessment information needed for, 99-100 proposed process description for, 101-102 site cleanup description for, 102103 site description for, 100-101 Research in development of bioremediation, 122-124 for evaluation protocol develop ment, 94 for improving models, 94-95 on increasing microbe availability, 93 on microbial processes, 92, 128-129 needs, 108 in site characterization techniques, 94 on stimulating microbial action, 92 93 S Saturated flow models, 81-82 Saturated zone, 81, 193 INDEX Secondary utilization/cometabolism, 21, 143, 193 Sequestering of contaminants, 25-26 Sewage contamination, 149 Site conditions characterization of, 10, 94 in choosing bioremediation strategy, 49-50 contaminant concentrations, 25-27 determinants of bioremediation potential, 35, 126, 130, 137-138 electron receptor concentration, 4142 for engineered bioremediation, 34, 39-41, 50 estimating total contaminant mass, 161-163 ground water behavior, 41-42 heterogeneity, 42-43, 138 indications for integrated cleanup approach, 5, 60-61, 126-127 individual differences in, 3, 35, 88 for intrinsic bioremediation, 3, 39, 41-42, 59-60 multiple contaminants, 27, 128 regulatory description of, 100-101 See also Soil conditions Slurry wall, 141, 193 Soil conditions aeration systems and, 51-53 in air sparging, 58 bioremediation contraindicated by, 126 hydraulic conductivity, 39 intrinsic attenuation of plume and, 107 permeability, 39, 138-139 unsaturated, 50-53 See also Site conditions Solvents dechlorination of, 76, 127, 143 halogenated compounds as, 33, 34 Stereo is omers, 78 Surfactants, 26, 128, 193-194 Read the entire page →
From page 207... ... See Unsaturated soils Vapor recovery, 124, 194 integrated with bioremediation, 61, 126-127 Vinyl chloride, 28, 143 W Water circulation systems, 53-57 X Xylene, 32 l Read the entire page →
From page 208... ... A Review of the USGS National Water Quality Assessment Pilot Program (1990) Ground Water and Soil Contamination Remediation: Toward Compatible Science, Policy, and Public Perception (1990) Read the entire page →

From page 199...

... Index A Abiotic processes conservative tracers of, 79 in contaminant mass loss, 85-87 modeling, 8, 85-87 Adaptation as evidence of bioremediation, 7, 73 by native organisms, 24 Aeration systems, 51-53 Aerobic respiration modeling, 155 oxygen delivery for, 144-146 process, 18-20 Agricultural areas, 42 Air sparking, 57-59, 124-125, 126, 127 definition, 187 monitoring conservative tracers in, 79-80 monitoring electron acceptor uptake in, 79 oxygen delivery via, 144-145 Alcohols, 32 Alkylbenzenes, 161-162 199 Anaerobic respiration, 19, 20-21, 187 measuring byproducts of, 75-76 process innovations, 132 Aquifer bioremediation systems for, 53-59 clogging, 28, 138-139 definition, 187 minerals in, 41 monitoring of, 137-140 permeability, 138-139 preparation for bioremediation,140141 Aromatic hydrocarbons, 187 B Bacteria measurement bacterial activity, rates of, 70-73 biogeography, 113-114 fatty acid analysis, 69-70 field evaluation, 67-70 metabolic adaptation, 73 microscopic counting, 68 oligonucleotide probes, 69 sample selection, 67-68, 89-90

Read the entire page →

From page 200...

... , 32, 70, 128, 188 conventional cleanup approaches, 105 engineered bioremediation of, case example, 71-72 estimate of oil/water partitioning, 164-166 estimating distribution of, 164 extent of problem with, 104-105 intrinsic bioremediation of, 105-106 levels of intrinsic attenuation of, 106-108 oily-phase residual, 170-171 practicality of bioremediation for, 104 remediation in ground water, case example, 174 remediation of subsurface mate r~al, case example, 175-178 research needs in bioremediation of, 108 C Carbon-13/14 labeling, 70-72, 80, 149 Carbon isotopes, 7, 74-75 Carbon-nitrogen-phosphorous ratio, 117 Carbonates, in aquifer matrix, 41 Chlorocatechols, 27 Coal tar, remediation of, 149 Cometabolism, 20, 21-22, 188 dead-end products from, 27-28 INDEX in ecological perspective, 114, 115 principles of, 143 Commercial bioremediation growth of, 13 standards of practice for, 61-62 status of, 129 Complexing agents, 26, 188-189 Conservative tracers, 79-80, 189 Contaminants combined remediation strategies for, 126-127 designing bioremediation strategy for, 49-50 estimating distribution in ground water, 164 estimating mass of, 161-163 halogenated, 22, 33-34, 128-129 incomplete degradation of, 27-28 low concentrations of, 25-26 metals, 20-21, 23, 26, 34-35 microbial demobilization of, 22-23 microbial destruction of, 17-22, 48 mobilization of, 26 modeling subsurface behavior of, 81-88 multiple, 27, 128 nitroaromatics, 34 plume containment, 141 prevalence, 29 sequestering of, 25-26 source removal, 140 subsurface spreading of, 49 susceptibility to bioremediation, 23, 29-35 toxicity to microorganisms, 26-27 See also Petroleum products Conventional cleanup technologies for BTEX, 15 excavation-and-incineration, 13 integrated with bioremediation, 6061, 126-127 limitations of, 12, 48 :~n preparation for bioremediation, 139 pump-and-treat methods, 12-13, 48, 61, 140, 193 Core samples, handling of, 163

Read the entire page →

From page 201...

... , 26 Evaluation of bioremediation of carbon-nitrogen phosphorous ratio, 117 case examples, 66-67, 71-72, 77, 86, 148-150 difficulty in, 14, 148 ecological perspective in feasibility studies, 116-119 evidence for, 5-6 feasibility studies, 142 field experiments for, 7-8 field measurements for, 6-7 gas surveys in, 138 individual site differences and, 88 in intrinsic bioremediation, 59-60 limitations, 9, 88-90, 148 modeling techniques for, 8-9, 8088, 153, 154 monitoring-well placement in, 138, 139, 181-182 as multidisciplinary activity, 89 principles of, 63-65, 139-140 protocols for, 94 of rate-limiting factors, 117-119 regulatory, 99-103 research needs in, 10, 131-132

Read the entire page →

From page 202...

... 202 of residual oily-phase hydrocarbons, 170-171 role of, 91, 93-94 See also Field evaluation; Measurement F Fatty acid analysis, 69-70 Fermentation, 19, 21, 190 Field evaluation of bacterial adaptation, 73 byproducts of anaerobic activity in, 75-76 carbon isotope ratios for, 74-75 of contaminant distribution, 164 of cooxidation of trichloroethylene, 129 degradable /nondegradable sub stance ratio in, 76-78 difficulty of, 63-64, 161 of electron acceptor concentration, 75 electron acceptor uptake in, 79 establishing baseline conditions for, 65-67 evidence collection for, 6 handling core samples for, 163 of hydrocarbon concentration in ground water, 178 of inorganic carbon concentration, 73-74 intermediary metabolites in, 76 labeling contaminants in, 80 laboratory microcosms for, 70-73 monitoring conservative tracers in, 79-80 need for, 64-65 of number of bacteria, 67-70 of oil/water partitioning, 164-166 of polychlorinated biphenyls, 77 of post-bioremediation processes, 178-181 of protozoa, 70 of rate of bacterial activity, 70-73 sample selection for, 67-68, 89-90 spatial heterogeneity in, 171-173 INDEX stimulating bacteria in subsites for, 78 techniques, 6-7, 148-150 of total contaminant mass, 161-163 See also Evaluation Flow models, 8-9 estimating recirculated volume in, 164 multiphase, 82 saturated, 81-82 Free product recovery, 60, 190 Gas chromatography, 73, 190 Gasoline, 32, 143 Genetic engineering, 131, 190 Geochem~cal models, 82-83 Ground water air injection systems for, 57-59 bacteriological samples from, 6768 circulation systems, 53-57 engineered bioremediation for, 4 estimating contaminant concentration in, 164-166 estimating contaminant distribution in, 164 estimating recirculated volume in, 164 evaluating processes in, 88-89 in flow models, 81-84 in intrinsic bioremediation, 41-42 tracer tests for, 138 Growth substrates, 114-116 H Halogenated aliphatics, 33 Halogenated aromatics, 34 Halogenated compounds, 22, 33-34, 128-129 Headspace analysis, 163, 182 Helium, as conservative tracer, 79 Hexachlorocyclohexane, 78 Hudson River, 77, 92 Hydraulic conductivity, 39, 190

Read the entire page →

From page 203...

... other technologies, 12-13, 4849 INT activity test, 68 Intrinsic bioremediation of aromatic hydrocarbons, 105-106 of crude oil spill, case example, 37-38 definition of, 2, 20, 191 following engineered bioremediation, 61 indications for, 4 levels of attenuation in, 106-108 limitations of, 4, 59-60 requirements for, 35-39, 59-60 site conditions for, 3, 39, 41-42 vs. engineered bioremediation, 35 Intrinsic permeability, 39, 138-139, 191 Isotope fractionation, 74-75, 191 J Jet fuel, evaluating bioremediation of, 149-150 K

Read the entire page →

From page 204...

... 204 L Labeling of contaminants, 8, 80 Laboratory microcosms, 70-73 Ligands. See Complexing agents M Measurement of anaerobic activity, 75-76 of bacterial activity, 70-73 of bacterial population, 67-70 of contaminant mass loss, 85-87 of degradable/nondegradable substance ratio, 76-78 establishing baseline conditions for, 65-67 interdisciplinary integration in, 89 of labeled contaminants, 80 of metabolic byproducts, 7 of microbiological field activity, 7-8, 23-24 of microbiological field samples, 6-7, 65-67 modeling techniques for, 8-9 of protozoa, 70 research needs in, 10 of subsurface hydrogeochemical properties, 42 See also Bacteria measurement Metals, 34-35 in anaerobic respiration, 20-21 mobilization of, 26 precipitation of, microorganisms :for, 23 Methanotrophs, 129 Microbial action adaptation and, 7, 24, 73 advances in understanding of, 92 aerobic stimulation of, 144-146 air sparging for, 57-59 alternate substrates for, 143 aquifer clogging from, 28, 138-139 availability of contaminants for, 25-28 basic metabolism in, 17-20 biological specificity in, 111-112 INDEX biostimulation of, 79, 92-93, 141 147 changes in ground water chemis try from, 23-24 chemical indicators of, 23-25 in demobilizing contaminants, 22 23 description of, in bioremediation proposal, 101-102 in destroying contaminants, 17-22 determinants of, in bioremediation, 16, 147 in evaluating bioremediation, 5 6, 63, 64 evidence of, 67-70 field evaluation of, 6-8, 65, 78-80 genetic engineering for, 131 hydrogen peroxide as oxygen source for, 123-124 incomplete degradation of contain, nant by, 27-28 inorganic nutrients for, 146-147 intermediate metabolite formation in, 76 intrinsic bioremediation require ments for, 59-60 intrinsic hydrocarbon biodegrada tion by, 105-106 laboratory breeding for, 131 limits to, 128-129 measuring rate of, 70-73 on metals, 34-35 in multiple-contaminant environ ment, 27, 128 nutrient delivery for, 144 nutrients in water circulation for, 54-57 nutritional requirements for, 22 predator growth from, 25 prevented by toxicity of contami nant, 26-27 principles of, in bioremediation, 142-143 reaction rate models of, 83-84 stability in, and biodiversity, 112 113 stimulants for, 92-93

Read the entire page →

From page 205...

... INDEX See also Bacteria measurement Modeling techniques biodegradation effects in, 82 biofilm kinetics, 154-155 biological reaction rate models, 8384 BIOPLUME model, 156-158 for bioremediation evaluation, 89, 80-81 combining, 84 direct methods, 87-88 evolution of, 154-155 geochemical models, 82-83 in intrinsic bioremediation, 59 limitations of, 88 measuring mass loss in, 85-87 multiphase flow models, 82 research needs for, 10, 94-95 role of, 80-81, 84-85 saturated flow models, 81-82 sorption effects in, 81-82 types of, 81-84, 154 Moffett Naval Air Station, 66-67 Most-probable-number measures, 69, 70 Multiphase flow models, 82 N Natural gas, 86 Natural selection, 114-115, 119 Nitrate, 103 as electron acceptor, 118, 124 Nitroaromatic compounds, 34, 127 Nonaqueous-phase formation, 192 contaminants susceptible to, 29-32 flow characteristics and, 39-41 in multiphase flow models, 82 as obstacle to bioremediation, 25, 29-30 removal, before bioremediation, 140 strategies for overcoming, 26 Nutrients in air sparging, 58 delivery of, 144 in water circulation, 54-57 205 o Octadecane, 76-78 Oligonucleotide probes, 69, 192 Oxidation-reduction reaction, 18 p Pentachlorophenol, 34 Perchloroethylene, 129 Pesticides, 34, 127 Petroleum products degradable/nondegradable substances In bioremediation of, 76-78 estimating ground water concen tration of, 178 first bioremediation application to, intrinsic bioremediation of crude oil spill, 37-38 proving bioremediation of, 71-72 spatial heterogeneity in bioremediation of, 171-173 susceptibility to bioremediation, 2, 32 types of, 32 See also BTEX Phosphates in controlling hydrogen peroxide reactions, 145 effects of, on bioremediation rate, 146 Phytane, 76-78 Plume containment, 141 evaluation of, 170 levels of intrinsic attenuation in, 106-108 modeling of, 155 post-bioremediation, 178-182 Polyaromatic hydrocarbons, 127 Polychlorinated biphenyls, 34, 70, 127 anaerobic dechlorination of, 76, 92 bioremediation of, case example, 77 dehalogenation of, 129

Read the entire page →

From page 206...

... 206 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, 32, 157 Polynuclear aromatics, 149 Primary substrates, 18, 19, 142-143, 192 in cometabolism, 115 Protozoa as evidence of bioremediation, 6 field evaluation of, 70 growth in bioremediation, 25 Pump-and-treat methods integrated with bioremediation, 61 limitations of, 12-13, 48 in preparation for bioremediation, 140 process, 48, 193 Push/pull tests, 149 R Reductive dehalogenation, 20, 22, 193 Regulatory assessment information needed for, 99-100 proposed process description for, 101-102 site cleanup description for, 102103 site description for, 100-101 Research in development of bioremediation, 122-124 for evaluation protocol develop ment, 94 for improving models, 94-95 on increasing microbe availability, 93 on microbial processes, 92, 128-129 needs, 108 in site characterization techniques, 94 on stimulating microbial action, 92 93 S Saturated flow models, 81-82 Saturated zone, 81, 193 INDEX Secondary utilization/cometabolism, 21, 143, 193 Sequestering of contaminants, 25-26 Sewage contamination, 149 Site conditions characterization of, 10, 94 in choosing bioremediation strategy, 49-50 contaminant concentrations, 25-27 determinants of bioremediation potential, 35, 126, 130, 137-138 electron receptor concentration, 4142 for engineered bioremediation, 34, 39-41, 50 estimating total contaminant mass, 161-163 ground water behavior, 41-42 heterogeneity, 42-43, 138 indications for integrated cleanup approach, 5, 60-61, 126-127 individual differences in, 3, 35, 88 for intrinsic bioremediation, 3, 39, 41-42, 59-60 multiple contaminants, 27, 128 regulatory description of, 100-101 See also Soil conditions Slurry wall, 141, 193 Soil conditions aeration systems and, 51-53 in air sparging, 58 bioremediation contraindicated by, 126 hydraulic conductivity, 39 intrinsic attenuation of plume and, 107 permeability, 39, 138-139 unsaturated, 50-53 See also Site conditions Solvents dechlorination of, 76, 127, 143 halogenated compounds as, 33, 34 Stereo is omers, 78 Surfactants, 26, 128, 193-194

Read the entire page →

From page 207...

... See Unsaturated soils Vapor recovery, 124, 194 integrated with bioremediation, 61, 126-127 Vinyl chloride, 28, 143 W Water circulation systems, 53-57 X Xylene, 32 l

Read the entire page →

From page 208...

... A Review of the USGS National Water Quality Assessment Pilot Program (1990) Ground Water and Soil Contamination Remediation: Toward Compatible Science, Policy, and Public Perception (1990)

Read the entire page →

← Previous Chapter Skim

This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More information on Chapter Skim is available.

Index Pages 199-208

Index
Pages 199-208