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From page 305... ... , 232 Air pollution, 21 Air sparging, 7, 9, 143-148, 166, 169, 170, 183, 185, 285 Alkyl benzene sulfonate, 23 Alternate concentration limits (ACL) , 219 Alternative technologies, 7, 10, 11, 158 containment systems, 10, 160-162, 184, 186 energy requirements, 7, 185 limitations of, 10, 11, 186 see also In situ reactive barriers; Intrinsic bioremediation Alternative water supplies, 225 Animal studies, 13, 232-233 Applicable or relevant and appropriate requirements (ARARs) Read the entire page →
From page 306... ... See also Contaminant chemistry; Geochemical characteristics Chlorinated solvents, 48-49, 50, 287 in situ bioremediation, 8, 132, 134, 137-141, 167, 169, 170 Chloroform, 26 Cholera, 22 Chromium, 22-23, 26, 47, 48, 216 Cleanup goals, 18, 31-32, 213-214 alternatives, 13, 219-227 and CERCLA, 214, 215-218, 219 containment, 4, 6, 13, 224-225 and costs, 31-32, 116-118, 241, 242, 243, 250 interim objectives, 13-14, 16, 248249, 250, 268 partially restricted use, 13, 223 and RCRA, 214, 218-219 INDEX technology-based, 13, 223-224, 250 unrestricted use, 220-223 Cleanup times, 77 calculation of, 6, 104-105, 107-112, 118, 120-122 DNAPL sites, 259 pump-and-treat systems, 6, 15, 104113, 119, 120 and site conditions, 15, 87-89, 104107, 119, 120 sorption effects, 61-63 and system design, 6, 168, 169, 170171 in technical impracticability determinations, 6, 15, 104, 112-113 Clean Water Act, 249 Commercialization, 11, 173, 174 Community relations and Superfund program, 18, 271 technical issues, 18, 173, 176, 271 Complete restoration (cleanup goal) , 13, 220 Complexation, 45, 287 Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA) Read the entire page →
From page 307... ... , 2-3, 49, 86, 118, 288 EPA policies, 256, 258-259 in heterogenous settings, 96-97, 9899, 100, 102 migration of, 49, 52-53, 59, 103, 204205 plumes, 53, 258 pool formation, 53, 111, 112, 203204 Dose-response evaluation, 233-234 Drinking water standards, 12-13, 19, 32, 215, 216, 219, 250 Early action policies, 16, 257-258, 271 272 Ecological risks, 236-239, 250 Economic barriers to innovation, 7, 11, 16, 180-181, 186 development phase, 174 implementation and procurement, 178 selection phase, 176 Economics of cleanup, 2, 239, 250 benefits estimation, 13, 245-248, 250-251 innovative technologies, 7, 11, 185 national costs, 2, 28-29, 239-241, 250-251 and nonattainment of cleanup goals, 18, 19-20 and site characterization, 2, 11-12, 73,250,269 site-level costs, 28, 33n:3, 116-118, 241-245, 250 see also Economic barriers to innovation Read the entire page →
From page 308... ... See Economics of cleanup Expert and advisory panels innovative technology approval, 17, 264, 271 for site and remedy evaluation, 17, 266-267, 269 Exposure identification, 234, 235 INDEX F Fairchild Semiconductor Corp., San Jose, Calif., 98-99 Feasibility studies, 132, 174, 269, 289 Federal government, 27, 173 and innovative technology, 177178, 187 technical expertise of regulatory staff, 17, 269 see also Department of Defense; Department of Energy; Environmental Protection Agency Fick's law, 120-121 Field tests, 181-182 Firestone Tire and Rubber Co., Salinas, Calif., 94-95 Flow nets, 41 Flow of ground water, 39-40, 115 effects of pumping, 31, 40, 41 see also Migration pathways Fractured media, 39, 100, 119, 289 G Gasoline, 2, 4, 47, 51, 93, 165 biodegradability of, 4, 93, 119 Geochemical characteristics, 40, 44, 45 hydrogeochemical cycle, 42-44 and reaction rates and pathways, 75-76 Goals. See Cleanup goals Gradients. Read the entire page →
From page 309... ... See also Petroleum products and derivatives; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Hydrodynamic dispersion, 55, 56 Hydrogeochemical cycle, 42-44 FIydrogeology, 12, 206 and ease of site cleanup, 4, 5, 6, 8487, 262 see also Heterogeneity Hyporheic zones, 237 IBM Corp., 96-97, 102 Implementation phases, 177-178 Indemnification, 177-178 Innovative technologies, 7, 11, 16, 125126 combinations of processes, 164, 165, 186 309 costs, 7, 11, 185 development, 172-174, 181-184, 186, 187, 263-264 evaluation and monitoring, 186 failure of, 11, 175-176, 186, 264, 271 implementation and procurement, 177-178, 186 selection, 174-176 and site conditions, 164-168, 169, 170-171, 186 testing, 11, 17, 186 see also Alternative technologies; Barriers to innovation; Enhanced pump-and-treat systems Inorganic compounds, 47, 48, 184. See also Metals In situ bioremediation, 182-183, 185 of chlorinated solvents, 8, 132, 134, 137-141, 167, 169, 170 of hydrocarbons, 7, 8, 131-134, 165, 166, 169, 170 intrinsic, 10, 158-160, 167, 169, 171, 182, 186 of metals, 9, 141-143, 167, 169, 171 In situ chemical treatment, 9, 76, 151152, 185 oxidation, 167, 171 In situ reactive barriers, 10, 162-164, 167, 169, 186 In situ thermal technologies, 185 Resorption, 9, 167, 171 radio frequency heating, 9, 153, 157-158 steam-enhanced extraction, 9, 153, 154-156 vitrification, 153, 160, 290 Institutional barriers to innovation, 7, 11, 16, 180, 186 development phase, 173 implementation and procurement, 177-178 selection phase, 175-176 Institutional structures, long-term exposure prevention, 16, 267, 272 Read the entire page →
From page 310... ... , 32, 215, 216, 218, 292 Melting points, 49, 50-51 Mercury, 66 INDEX Metals, 48, 184 in situ bioremediation of, 9, 141143, 167, 169, 171 Methanogenesis, 46, 292 Methanotrophic bacteria, 137-138, 292 Methylene chloride, 26 Micelles, 149-150, 292 Microbes, 44, 46, 64, 66, 182 in ground water, 236-237 growth stimulating materials, 44, 182, 183 see also Biodegradation; Biotransformation; In situ bioremediation Migration pathways, 2, 12, 46-47, 49, 52-54 aqueous-phase transport, 48, 53-57 NAPL transport, 48, 49, 52-54, 5860, 69, 73, 76-77 vapor-phase transport, 57-58 Models and modeling, 75, 286, 292, 293 air flows, 183 cleanup times, 107-109 transport and fate, 76 Moffett Air Force Base, Calif., 173 Molecular diffusion, 3, 55, 57, 288 Monitoring of cleanup, 114, 115-116, 186, 272 and treatment system modification, 116-118, 120 Monitoring wells, 119, 292 N NAPLs (nonaqueous-phase liquids) , 23,8,48-49,76-77,86,111,118, 185, 203, 292 and cleanup times, 107, 111, 119, 120, 121 entrapment, 63, 73, 119 residual, 111 transport, 48, 49, 52-54, 58-60, 69, 73, 76-77 see also DNAPLs; LNAPLs National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Read the entire page →
From page 311... ... See Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Partially restricted use standards, 13, 223 Partitioning, 118, 293 PCBs. See Polychlorinated biphenyls Permits, 256 Pesticides, 24, 46, 51 Petroleum products and derivatives, 48,49,51 bioventing, 8, 134 in situ bioremediation, 7, 8, 10, 132 see also Gasoline Phenol, 26, 50, 132 Phthalates, 46 Physical characteristics, 35-40, 73 ground water flow, 39-40 hydraulic properties, 37-39 see also Heterogeneity; Hydrogeology Pilot tests and prototypes, 186, 207208, 211-212 of early action programs, 257-258, 272 of infeasibility fee, 263-264 Plants and vegetation, 237-238 Plumes, 15, 57, 71-72, 120, 168, 169, 195-197, 211, 293-294 DNAPL, 53, 258 3 1 1 ecological effects, 250 reemergence and persistence of, 94, 96-97, 102, 116 Point-of-use treatment, 13, 225, 226 Policy formation and issues, 14, 248, 250, 255-257 early action policies, 16, 257-258, 271-272 implementation, 265-267 interagency consistency in application, 265, 268-269 statements, 256 see also Cleanup goals; Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980; Drinking water standards; Regulation; Resource Conservation and Recovery Act Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) Read the entire page →
From page 312... ... See In situ reactive barriers Records of Decision, 174, 177, 294 Redox potential, 76, 294-295 Reduction reactions, 45, 295 Regulation, 14, 18 guidance documents, 256, 257, 269 of innovative technology, 11, 177178 interagency consistency in application, 265, 268-269 monitoring and evaluation, 119 technical expertise of staff, 11, 17, 175, 265 see also Cleanup goals; Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980; Drinking water standards; Resource Conservation and Recovery Act Remedial action plans, 177, 295 Remedial investigations (RI) , 73, 259, 269, 295 Research programs and needs contaminant distribution and transport, 73-75 historical, 22-24 infeasibilit,v fee funding for, 263264, 270-271 innovative technologies, 181-184, 264 pump-and treat-systems, 118 reaction pathways and rates, 75-76 INDEX site characterization, 210-211, 212 subsurface characteristics, 72-73 Residence time, 42, 44, 295 Residual contamination, 53, 63, 111, 169, 170-171, 295 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) Read the entire page →
From page 313... ... See also Chlorinated solvents; C o solvents; Trichloro ethylene Sorption, 3, 45, 60-63, 62, 76, 119, 185, 296 and cleanup times, 107, 119, 120 Source areas, 15, 71-72, 195-197, 202206, 211, 296 Source control and remediation, 170171, 296 Sources of contamination, 24, 120, 296297 South Macomb Disposal Superfund site, Mich., 238 Spatial variability, 66 in contaminant sources, 71-72 see also Heterogeneity Standards. See Cleanup goals; Drinking water standards State regulation, 22, 27, 216, 256 and interagency consistency of application, 265 technical expertise of agency staff, 17, 269 Steam-enhanced extraction, 9, 153, 154-156 Steam stripping, 167, 171, 297 Storage coefficient, 38, 297 Sulfate reduction, 46, 297 Superfund program, 22, 28, 174, 238, 239 Accelerated Cleanup Model, 257 DNAPL sites, 260 site characterization guidelines, 18, 269 313 site data collection, 270 see also Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 Surface water, 21, 238 Surfactants, 149, 297 T Tailing, 61, 87, 88, 297 Technical barriers to innovation, 7, 11, 16, 179-180, 186 development phase, 172-173 implementation and procurement, 177 selection phase, 175 Technical infeasibility determinations, 15, 259, 260-263, 268-269 and community relations, 18, 271 fees under, 263-264, 269, 270-271 use of estimated cleanup times, 6, 15, 104, 112-113 Technology transfer, 173, 181 Technology-based cleanup standards, 13, 223-224, 250 Testing. Read the entire page →
From page 314... ... , 46, 48, 90, 128, 298 Volatilization, 53, 57, 183, 185, 298 INDEX W Waste sites, 1, 24, 26-29, 33, 47 Waterloo Centre for Ground Water Research, Canada, 173 Weapons, 26, 27 Wellhead treatment, 225, 298 Wetlands, 237-238 X Xylenes, 26, 50, 216. see also BTEX z Zinc, 26, 47 Read the entire page →
From page 315... ... Opportunities in the Hydrologic Sciences (1991) A Review of the USGS National Water Quality Assessment Pilot Program (1990) Read the entire page →

From page 305...

... , 232 Air pollution, 21 Air sparging, 7, 9, 143-148, 166, 169, 170, 183, 185, 285 Alkyl benzene sulfonate, 23 Alternate concentration limits (ACL) , 219 Alternative technologies, 7, 10, 11, 158 containment systems, 10, 160-162, 184, 186 energy requirements, 7, 185 limitations of, 10, 11, 186 see also In situ reactive barriers; Intrinsic bioremediation Alternative water supplies, 225 Animal studies, 13, 232-233 Applicable or relevant and appropriate requirements (ARARs)

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From page 306...

... See also Contaminant chemistry; Geochemical characteristics Chlorinated solvents, 48-49, 50, 287 in situ bioremediation, 8, 132, 134, 137-141, 167, 169, 170 Chloroform, 26 Cholera, 22 Chromium, 22-23, 26, 47, 48, 216 Cleanup goals, 18, 31-32, 213-214 alternatives, 13, 219-227 and CERCLA, 214, 215-218, 219 containment, 4, 6, 13, 224-225 and costs, 31-32, 116-118, 241, 242, 243, 250 interim objectives, 13-14, 16, 248249, 250, 268 partially restricted use, 13, 223 and RCRA, 214, 218-219 INDEX technology-based, 13, 223-224, 250 unrestricted use, 220-223 Cleanup times, 77 calculation of, 6, 104-105, 107-112, 118, 120-122 DNAPL sites, 259 pump-and-treat systems, 6, 15, 104113, 119, 120 and site conditions, 15, 87-89, 104107, 119, 120 sorption effects, 61-63 and system design, 6, 168, 169, 170171 in technical impracticability determinations, 6, 15, 104, 112-113 Clean Water Act, 249 Commercialization, 11, 173, 174 Community relations and Superfund program, 18, 271 technical issues, 18, 173, 176, 271 Complete restoration (cleanup goal) , 13, 220 Complexation, 45, 287 Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA)

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From page 307...

... , 2-3, 49, 86, 118, 288 EPA policies, 256, 258-259 in heterogenous settings, 96-97, 9899, 100, 102 migration of, 49, 52-53, 59, 103, 204205 plumes, 53, 258 pool formation, 53, 111, 112, 203204 Dose-response evaluation, 233-234 Drinking water standards, 12-13, 19, 32, 215, 216, 219, 250 Early action policies, 16, 257-258, 271 272 Ecological risks, 236-239, 250 Economic barriers to innovation, 7, 11, 16, 180-181, 186 development phase, 174 implementation and procurement, 178 selection phase, 176 Economics of cleanup, 2, 239, 250 benefits estimation, 13, 245-248, 250-251 innovative technologies, 7, 11, 185 national costs, 2, 28-29, 239-241, 250-251 and nonattainment of cleanup goals, 18, 19-20 and site characterization, 2, 11-12, 73,250,269 site-level costs, 28, 33n:3, 116-118, 241-245, 250 see also Economic barriers to innovation

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From page 308...

... See Economics of cleanup Expert and advisory panels innovative technology approval, 17, 264, 271 for site and remedy evaluation, 17, 266-267, 269 Exposure identification, 234, 235 INDEX F Fairchild Semiconductor Corp., San Jose, Calif., 98-99 Feasibility studies, 132, 174, 269, 289 Federal government, 27, 173 and innovative technology, 177178, 187 technical expertise of regulatory staff, 17, 269 see also Department of Defense; Department of Energy; Environmental Protection Agency Fick's law, 120-121 Field tests, 181-182 Firestone Tire and Rubber Co., Salinas, Calif., 94-95 Flow nets, 41 Flow of ground water, 39-40, 115 effects of pumping, 31, 40, 41 see also Migration pathways Fractured media, 39, 100, 119, 289 G Gasoline, 2, 4, 47, 51, 93, 165 biodegradability of, 4, 93, 119 Geochemical characteristics, 40, 44, 45 hydrogeochemical cycle, 42-44 and reaction rates and pathways, 75-76 Goals. See Cleanup goals Gradients.

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From page 309...

... See also Petroleum products and derivatives; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Hydrodynamic dispersion, 55, 56 Hydrogeochemical cycle, 42-44 FIydrogeology, 12, 206 and ease of site cleanup, 4, 5, 6, 8487, 262 see also Heterogeneity Hyporheic zones, 237 IBM Corp., 96-97, 102 Implementation phases, 177-178 Indemnification, 177-178 Innovative technologies, 7, 11, 16, 125126 combinations of processes, 164, 165, 186 309 costs, 7, 11, 185 development, 172-174, 181-184, 186, 187, 263-264 evaluation and monitoring, 186 failure of, 11, 175-176, 186, 264, 271 implementation and procurement, 177-178, 186 selection, 174-176 and site conditions, 164-168, 169, 170-171, 186 testing, 11, 17, 186 see also Alternative technologies; Barriers to innovation; Enhanced pump-and-treat systems Inorganic compounds, 47, 48, 184. See also Metals In situ bioremediation, 182-183, 185 of chlorinated solvents, 8, 132, 134, 137-141, 167, 169, 170 of hydrocarbons, 7, 8, 131-134, 165, 166, 169, 170 intrinsic, 10, 158-160, 167, 169, 171, 182, 186 of metals, 9, 141-143, 167, 169, 171 In situ chemical treatment, 9, 76, 151152, 185 oxidation, 167, 171 In situ reactive barriers, 10, 162-164, 167, 169, 186 In situ thermal technologies, 185 Resorption, 9, 167, 171 radio frequency heating, 9, 153, 157-158 steam-enhanced extraction, 9, 153, 154-156 vitrification, 153, 160, 290 Institutional barriers to innovation, 7, 11, 16, 180, 186 development phase, 173 implementation and procurement, 177-178 selection phase, 175-176 Institutional structures, long-term exposure prevention, 16, 267, 272

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From page 310...

... , 32, 215, 216, 218, 292 Melting points, 49, 50-51 Mercury, 66 INDEX Metals, 48, 184 in situ bioremediation of, 9, 141143, 167, 169, 171 Methanogenesis, 46, 292 Methanotrophic bacteria, 137-138, 292 Methylene chloride, 26 Micelles, 149-150, 292 Microbes, 44, 46, 64, 66, 182 in ground water, 236-237 growth stimulating materials, 44, 182, 183 see also Biodegradation; Biotransformation; In situ bioremediation Migration pathways, 2, 12, 46-47, 49, 52-54 aqueous-phase transport, 48, 53-57 NAPL transport, 48, 49, 52-54, 5860, 69, 73, 76-77 vapor-phase transport, 57-58 Models and modeling, 75, 286, 292, 293 air flows, 183 cleanup times, 107-109 transport and fate, 76 Moffett Air Force Base, Calif., 173 Molecular diffusion, 3, 55, 57, 288 Monitoring of cleanup, 114, 115-116, 186, 272 and treatment system modification, 116-118, 120 Monitoring wells, 119, 292 N NAPLs (nonaqueous-phase liquids) , 23,8,48-49,76-77,86,111,118, 185, 203, 292 and cleanup times, 107, 111, 119, 120, 121 entrapment, 63, 73, 119 residual, 111 transport, 48, 49, 52-54, 58-60, 69, 73, 76-77 see also DNAPLs; LNAPLs National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution

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From page 311...

... See Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Partially restricted use standards, 13, 223 Partitioning, 118, 293 PCBs. See Polychlorinated biphenyls Permits, 256 Pesticides, 24, 46, 51 Petroleum products and derivatives, 48,49,51 bioventing, 8, 134 in situ bioremediation, 7, 8, 10, 132 see also Gasoline Phenol, 26, 50, 132 Phthalates, 46 Physical characteristics, 35-40, 73 ground water flow, 39-40 hydraulic properties, 37-39 see also Heterogeneity; Hydrogeology Pilot tests and prototypes, 186, 207208, 211-212 of early action programs, 257-258, 272 of infeasibility fee, 263-264 Plants and vegetation, 237-238 Plumes, 15, 57, 71-72, 120, 168, 169, 195-197, 211, 293-294 DNAPL, 53, 258 3 1 1 ecological effects, 250 reemergence and persistence of, 94, 96-97, 102, 116 Point-of-use treatment, 13, 225, 226 Policy formation and issues, 14, 248, 250, 255-257 early action policies, 16, 257-258, 271-272 implementation, 265-267 interagency consistency in application, 265, 268-269 statements, 256 see also Cleanup goals; Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980; Drinking water standards; Regulation; Resource Conservation and Recovery Act Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)

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From page 312...

... See In situ reactive barriers Records of Decision, 174, 177, 294 Redox potential, 76, 294-295 Reduction reactions, 45, 295 Regulation, 14, 18 guidance documents, 256, 257, 269 of innovative technology, 11, 177178 interagency consistency in application, 265, 268-269 monitoring and evaluation, 119 technical expertise of staff, 11, 17, 175, 265 see also Cleanup goals; Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980; Drinking water standards; Resource Conservation and Recovery Act Remedial action plans, 177, 295 Remedial investigations (RI) , 73, 259, 269, 295 Research programs and needs contaminant distribution and transport, 73-75 historical, 22-24 infeasibilit,v fee funding for, 263264, 270-271 innovative technologies, 181-184, 264 pump-and treat-systems, 118 reaction pathways and rates, 75-76 INDEX site characterization, 210-211, 212 subsurface characteristics, 72-73 Residence time, 42, 44, 295 Residual contamination, 53, 63, 111, 169, 170-171, 295 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)

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From page 313...

... See also Chlorinated solvents; C o solvents; Trichloro ethylene Sorption, 3, 45, 60-63, 62, 76, 119, 185, 296 and cleanup times, 107, 119, 120 Source areas, 15, 71-72, 195-197, 202206, 211, 296 Source control and remediation, 170171, 296 Sources of contamination, 24, 120, 296297 South Macomb Disposal Superfund site, Mich., 238 Spatial variability, 66 in contaminant sources, 71-72 see also Heterogeneity Standards. See Cleanup goals; Drinking water standards State regulation, 22, 27, 216, 256 and interagency consistency of application, 265 technical expertise of agency staff, 17, 269 Steam-enhanced extraction, 9, 153, 154-156 Steam stripping, 167, 171, 297 Storage coefficient, 38, 297 Sulfate reduction, 46, 297 Superfund program, 22, 28, 174, 238, 239 Accelerated Cleanup Model, 257 DNAPL sites, 260 site characterization guidelines, 18, 269 313 site data collection, 270 see also Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 Surface water, 21, 238 Surfactants, 149, 297 T Tailing, 61, 87, 88, 297 Technical barriers to innovation, 7, 11, 16, 179-180, 186 development phase, 172-173 implementation and procurement, 177 selection phase, 175 Technical infeasibility determinations, 15, 259, 260-263, 268-269 and community relations, 18, 271 fees under, 263-264, 269, 270-271 use of estimated cleanup times, 6, 15, 104, 112-113 Technology transfer, 173, 181 Technology-based cleanup standards, 13, 223-224, 250 Testing.

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From page 314...

... , 46, 48, 90, 128, 298 Volatilization, 53, 57, 183, 185, 298 INDEX W Waste sites, 1, 24, 26-29, 33, 47 Waterloo Centre for Ground Water Research, Canada, 173 Weapons, 26, 27 Wellhead treatment, 225, 298 Wetlands, 237-238 X Xylenes, 26, 50, 216. see also BTEX z Zinc, 26, 47

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From page 315...

... Opportunities in the Hydrologic Sciences (1991) A Review of the USGS National Water Quality Assessment Pilot Program (1990)

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Index Pages 305-316

Index
Pages 305-316