Cutting Edge Technologies (1984) / Chapter Skim
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Air Technology: The Transport Vehicle and Its Development Environment
Air Technology: The Transport Vehicle and Its Development Environment
Pages 138-160
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From page 138... ...
STEINER Virtually every commercial or military airplane operational today could be technologically superseded by the end of this century World competition is a forcing factor, but affordability and planning imply restraints. The latest generation of civil transports reflects a significant incremental step into twenty-first century technology.
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From page 139... ...
There is ample evidence that low-cost air fare competition is the most substantial force driving the trunks toward lower cost and more efficient and productive operations. In like manner these needs have shaped vehicle development objectives—i.e., major improvement in operating efficiency, reduced crew workloads, and growth to 4-D navigation—launching the most recent aircraft types now in service.
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From page 140... ...
The FMS is a fully integrated digital electronic system that provides previously unavailable performance optimization and flight management capabilities. The automation and integration of flight control and performance management permit a substantial improvement in direct operating costs, primarily by reducing fuel burn and also by reducing the cockpit crew requirement.
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From page 141... ...
Figure 9 depicts a possible future active control configuration in comparison with today's baseline. The wing is moved forward; the normal center of gravity moves aft; and, as noted, the horizontal stabilizer is significantly reduced in size.
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From page 142... ...
As with the variable camber wing or some of the other possible civil transport potentials, a "second look" at earlier concepts is premised on the synergy of a totally new environment of advanced electronics and electrics, the evolutionary aspect of which is shown in Figure 12. The development trend is leading toward a completely different concept in flight control for civil transports and also toward vastly differing relationships between the flight crew, the air vehicle, and the air system in which both operate.
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From page 143... ...
Commercial jet engine advancements have produced a 40 percent improvement in specific fuel consumption over the last two decades, with more of the efficiency thus far centered on high bypass-ratio (BPR) engine developments.
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From page 144... ...
This is mentioned because each step of increase has involved additional considerations and solutions for passenger accommodations both in the air vehicle and the terminal area (for loading and unloading) and also in airport access and egress.
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From page 145... ...
The major difficulty is that the validation and application readiness of any advancement take a great deal of time and money plus carefully orchestrated continuity of effort (see, for example, the laser gyro system development history shown in Figure 16~. This strap-down development is a key component of the EMS advancement described earlier.
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From page 146... ...
This is evident from the shifts in aeronautical leadership positions that are displayed in Figure 17. Despite slowed momentum, the United States still has the outstanding foundation for aeronautical attainment in terms of the breadth of its high technology in computers, propulsion, electronics, materials, and other areas, which will be united at the cutting edge of future air vehicle technology.
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From page 147... ...
The fundamental elements of NASP are as follows: · A national computerized integrated system Traffic control Host computer Solid-state radar Automated data link Integrated national telecommunications network Microwave landing systems · Approximate cost: $10 billion over 10 years · Eventual interface with most other world areas The transition and evolution to a year 2000 system architecture that incorporates all the elements noted above are challenging under any circumstances. However, bringing the new U.S.
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From page 148... ...
Integration might be seen as a new discipline, considering what is not known about it at present and what this may imply for the more traditional aeronautical technologies and processes. There is little doubt that the new digital electronics orientation of the air vehicle has caused us to reconsider design concepts in a completely different manner.
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From page 149... ...
Digitized voice communications can relieve much of the flight crew communications workload, and flat-panel CRT (cathode ray tube) displays will provide integrated flight progress and flight management information to the crew.
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From page 150... ...
l l l l l l l l l l l l 1970 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 Source: CAB Form 41, Schedule P5 U.S. trunks, domestic operations FIGURE 1 Influence of fuel price direct operating cost elements (constant 1982 dollars)
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From page 151... ...
gal.) 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 F~GuRE 2 Fuel efficiency trends.
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From page 152... ...
1968 1 1969 1 1970 1 1971 T 1972 1 1973 1 1974 1 1975 1 1976 1 1977 . I I I T I I I I l 707 AFCS | Sensors ~ 7X71Flight - Errol Developments 1 ~1 ~ 1\ ~ 1978 1979 Industry Participation Automatic Flight Triplex Digital AFCS Management Flight Tests Boeing Independent Developments Strapdown 707 Autoland Inertial Sensor ~ !
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From page 153... ...
I ~ To 8% I=Titanium PI Composites _ Misc. _ Steel ~ Aluminum 25% FIGURE 7 Potentials for 1990 subsonic airplane materials weight distribution.
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From page 154... ...
Baseline ACT EMU FIGURE 9 Active control technology (ACT)
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From page 155... ...
- .. I'-' ~ ~ Laminar Flow LFC Wing With Suction _ Laminar Floe Laminar Prow - —1 Natural Laminar Flow FIGURE 11 Laminar flow.
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From page 156... ...
15 20 FIGURE 13 Specific fuel consumption engine size trends.
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From page 157... ...
AIR TECHNOLOGY—THE TRANSPORT VEHICLE 157 I ,- I i' Air transportation system benefit ·Fuel efficiency ·Economics Approximate 727-200 efficiency levels _ [,,,"'_' Aiming Point Efficiency Levels · Composite Primary Structures Improved Product Efficiency Levels · Engines · Wing · Electronics · Structures · Full-Scale Active Controls · Advanced: · Engines · Electrics · Electronics 1980 1985 FIGURE 14 Technology improvement.
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From page 158... ...
Aircraft Capabilities Basic R - earch Technology Refinement Am.- ~ r Systems Development and Applications I Flight Testing (14 Aircraft Programs) 1 1 1 1 , , , 1 1 1 76 78 80 82 1 950s 19608 1 970s 19808 Product |~ ~ ~ ~ lUlanufacturing |~ ~ ~ 1 9 Key Europe I I Japan FIGURE 17 Shifts in leadership momentum.
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From page 159... ...
AIR TECHNOLOGY—THE TRANSPORT VEHICLE 159 300 Annual Operations (Mlilione)
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From page 160... ...
TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY i/ _ ~ sat_ FIGURE 20 Advanced cockpit design. Air Fares · Public ~ · Airlines Manufacturers' t~ cOrSitnSe · Airframes · Purchase · Engines _ · Lease · Equipment ~ · Operation Air System Modernization · Government · Users FIGURE 21 The final consideration.
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