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Earth Walls
Pages 161-180

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From page 161... ... On the other hand, like Portland cement concrete, soil is very weak in tension; this limits its use for some applications, such as those requiring slopes steeper than the internal friction angle of the soil, which is about 30 degrees in most cases. But also, as is the case for reinforced concrete, the inclusion of reinforcement that is strong in tension yields a composite material that combines the best features of both components Figure 1 shows a pile of sand with the steepest slope that can be maintained with the sand in its dry state. Read the entire page →
From page 162... ... Earth walls do not require unyielding foundation support as is the case for most reinforced concrete walls. Keen competition among the developers of different reinforcement systems has led to rapid technological development and continued cost reductions relative to both traditional types of reinforced concrete walls and other types of wall systems such as crib walls and bin walls. Read the entire page →
From page 163... ... CURRENT REINFORCEMENT SYSTEMS FOR EARTH WALLS Over the past 10 years the Vidal reinforced earth wall has been the most widely used. Galvanized steel reinforcing strips are connected to pr'ecast concrete facing panels, which have largely replaced the metal facings used in early walls. Read the entire page →
From page 164... ... Here the facing elements play an additional role, namely, erosion protection for the soil behind them. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS Earth walls are subject to the same external design criteria as those for a conventional retaining wall. Read the entire page →
From page 165... ... The design methodology led to a somewhat increased length of reinforcements and a higher density of reinforcements in the upper part of the wall. To the best of our knowledge, there have been no failures or significant distress of earth walls due to earthquakes. Read the entire page →
From page 166... ... A significant advantage of reinforced earth walls over reinforced concrete walls is that no formwork is required. On the other hand, construction of a reinforced earth wall requires considerably greater space behind the wall face, as the reinforcement lengths are usually at least 0.7 times the wall height, whereas the base width of a concrete wall is only about 0.3 times the wall height. Read the entire page →
From page 167... ... (Available from the Reinforced Earth Company, Rosslyn, Va.) Mitchell, J.K., "Soil Improvement State-of-the-Art Report," in Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Stockholm, Vol. Read the entire page →
From page 168... ... FIGURE 1 Dry sand with maximum stable slope. TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY FIGURE 2 Moist sand can develop stable near-vertical slopes because of internal capillary water pressures. Read the entire page →
From page 169... ... EARTH WALLS 169 FIGURE 3 Dry sand reinforced with strips of paper. Read the entire page →
From page 170... ... Reinforcement is considered a major factor in its longevity. Photo Max Hirmer. Read the entire page →
From page 171... ... EARTH WALLS 171 FIGURE 5 Corduroy road for crossing swampy areas. Read the entire page →
From page 172... ... . TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY F~GuRE 6 First highway use of modern reinforced earth wall in France between Nice and the Italian border. Read the entire page →
From page 173... ... EARTH WALLS 173 F~GuRE 8 First reinforced earth wall constructed in the United States, along Highway 39 in the San Gabriel Mountains of Southern California. F~GuRE 9 Reinforced earth walls used at Valdez, Alaska, in connection with the Alaska Oil Pipeline Terminal. Read the entire page →
From page 174... ... a i.~,..~. FIGURE 11 VSL Retained Earth system. Read the entire page →
From page 175... ... comic d fit 11 Tensar Geogrid reinforcement Geogrids cemented through brick faces to act as ties. /N FIGURE 13 Tensar geogrids used to reinforce a brick retaining wall. Read the entire page →
From page 176... ... ~ _ I , _ , Paved surface ~ Fabric laver n Wall height ( Fabric lever 2 <_ ~ Fabric layer 1 L Typically _' ~:;~ F~GuRE 15 Schematic diagram of fabric-reinforced earth wall. Read the entire page →
From page 177... ... EARTH WALLS 177 FIGURE 16 Schematic diagram of Kabil Stack-Sack Wall. FIGURE 17 Soil nailing for improving cut slope stability. Read the entire page →
From page 178... ... . FIGURE 18 Root pile system for strengthening steep slope FIGURE 19 Reinforced earth bridge abutment. Read the entire page →
From page 179... ... 179 FIGURE 21 Reinforcement placement. Read the entire page →
From page 180... ... 180 TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY FIGURE 22 Facing-panel installation. Read the entire page →

From page 161...

... On the other hand, like Portland cement concrete, soil is very weak in tension; this limits its use for some applications, such as those requiring slopes steeper than the internal friction angle of the soil, which is about 30 degrees in most cases. But also, as is the case for reinforced concrete, the inclusion of reinforcement that is strong in tension yields a composite material that combines the best features of both components Figure 1 shows a pile of sand with the steepest slope that can be maintained with the sand in its dry state.

Earth Walls Pages 161-180

Earth Walls
Pages 161-180