Cutting Edge Technologies (1984) / Chapter Skim
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Biochemical Engineering Solutions to Biotechnological Problems
Biochemical Engineering Solutions to Biotechnological Problems
Pages 42-51
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From page 42... ...
Thus, biotechnology is a broad area that encompasses much more than genetic engineering and hybridoma technology. Furthermore, the translation of scientific discovery to commercial reality requires tremendous skills in process development using both existing and new technology, and, most importantly, it requires the integration of basic biological sciences with chemical process as well as electronic and mechanical engineering.
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From page 43... ...
The third section discusses the use of genetic engineering in addressing CPI problems. Biochemical process development is then discussed, and the concluding section enumerates problems in process development that need to be solved in order for the results of the molecular biologist to be translated to goods for the consumer.
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From page 44... ...
They may provide swing capacity in cases that involve not displacing an existing chemical industry but picking up growth or taking care of fluctuation in demand. In addition, there may be potential for less hazardous operation or less negative environmental impact.
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From page 45... ...
Ethanol (term) Dextrose Citric acid Monosodium glutamate Lysine L-glutamate Fructose Penicillin Glucose isomerase Glucoamylase Bacterial amylase Bacterial protease Fungal protease Microbial rennet Pectinase 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 Aspartic acid 36 D-HO-phenylglycine 37 D-phenylglycine 38a D-calcium pantothenate 38b D-calcium pantothenate 39 Penicillin 40 Palm oil 41 Cephalosporin 42 Tetracycline 15,000 7,000 5,000 5,000 4,600 4,200 3,300 3,200 1,100 2,600 2,100 1,600 1,400 1,300 1,100 900 800 600 600 700 430 300 350 43 20 22 7 1 0.35 0.35 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.1 4.5 13 3.6 77,000 45 0.25 0.24 0.21 0.23 0.14 0.11 0.38 0.21 0.29 0.45 0.33 0.38 0.26 0.36 0.32 0.44 0.32 0.57 0.27 0.27 0.45 0.80 1.10 5.20 1.80 1.10 20.00 25 30 35 60 70 500 700 1.75 13.6 7.7 6.4 15 19 0.20 0.55 3.4 _ (Continued)
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From page 46... ...
Products from the biochemical process industry fall on the same line as those of the chemical industry and take advantage of the same economies of scale experienced in commodity chemicals production. In addition, the vertical distance from the abscissa reflects value added to the initial feedstock.
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From page 47... ...
DNA contains the code for a unique sequence of amino acids that imparts the unique structure responsible for the catalytic or physiologic activity. By altering the DNA, hence altering the protein sequence and thus the structure and functionality of the resulting protein, it is possible to improve the final product.
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From page 48... ...
portent to improving process technology, reducing manufacturing cost, and leading to new opportunities for process development. The ability to alter biochemical pathways is important in terms of both old and new products there are opportunities to develop better ways of making existing antibiotics or other biochemicals and to create new pathways for new products.
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From page 49... ...
The important problems are how to control these reactors optimally; how to build them large enough to obtain economy of scale; how to get high productivity; what the limits in productivity are; and, once there is a product, which is invariably in dilute aqueous solution, how to recover it from the cell and the broth. As a consequence of recombinant DNA, problems have arisen that | Feedstock | | Storage | ~ , Raw Materials Preparation and —At Pretreatment Ai r _ | Process I Control T Energy Energy Sterilization _ - BIOREACTOR Product - _ Product Recovery Heat Waste FIGURE 3 Schematic flow sheet for a typical biochemical process showing the major unit operations.
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From page 50... ...
I / A' > o P max o ___ ! /// Xmax CATALYST CONCENTRATION, X FIGURE 4 Volumetric productivity.
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From page 51... ...
CONCLUSION Finally, a series of problems in process development need to be solved in order to translate in scale the results of the molecular biologist to a process operating to deliver goods to the consumer. These bottlenecks in the development of biocatalytic processes are as follows: · Limitations in productivity Biocatalytic rate Biocatalyst concentration · High capital investment · System stability · New product routes · Recovery processes The problems include fundamentals of biocatalysis, heat and mass transfer, efficient conversion, and product recovery.
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