Cutting Edge Technologies (1984) / Chapter Skim
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Biotechnology for Health Care
Biotechnology for Health Care
Pages 62-76
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From page 62... ...
Until a few years ago, however, the organisms used in biotechnology within the pharmaceutical industry were all isolated from nature. Existing organisms were selected using screening procedures designed to detect organisms producing useful substances.
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From page 63... ...
All cells contain genetic information stored in DNA. This information is transcribed from the DNA into a working pattern called messenger RNA (ribonucleic acid)
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From page 64... ...
In addition to chromosomal DNA, bacterial cells often contain small, autonomously replicating DNA molecules called plasmids. of the proteins serve a structural function, giving rise to the physical appearance in the structure of the cell.
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From page 65... ...
Recombinant DNA can be used to add new genes to microorganisms, and these can be grown in fermentation tanks to produce proteins on a large scale. Purification and extensive testing in animals precede clinical application in human beings.
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From page 66... ...
One at least, human insulin, has now been produced on a large scale and is a marketed product. It will be useful here to illustrate how genetic engineering is actually used to produce human insulin.
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From page 67... ...
67 ~ - ~ _ ._ C L o Q c, O C, -^ s t-2 in ~ 7-~ ·° -~N s Cal m + s 0 ~ ._ ~ C., O 4', s iffy: fir.
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From page 68... ...
cold have been engineered to produce insulin A and B chains. The initial cellular protein product is a chimeric protein in which the insulin polypeptide chain is attached at the carboxyl terminus of a protein coded by the tryptophan operon.
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From page 69... ...
It is a crystalline protein, F~GuRE 6 Crystals of biosynthetic human insulin produced by the process described in Figure 5.
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From page 70... ...
By production in microorganisms an essentially limitless supply of human insulin is available; the supply is no longer subject to the particular economic pressures of the beef and pork markets. The following are some of the plasma proteins that one might consider producing by this technology: · Albumin · Globulins a,,B,~y · Lipoproteins a, ,B · Plasminogen · Fibnnogen · Prothrombin · Transfernn Albumin, for instance, is a protein that can now be manufactured using recombinant-DNA technology.
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From page 71... ...
. Papain ep~s~otomy Streptokinase Urokinase Fib ri no lysin Hyaluronidase Chymotrypsin Asparaginase Penicillinase Oral proteolytic preparations Thrombolytic Absorption promoter Ophthalmic surgery Cancer chemotherapy Allergic drug reaction 40 4 11 4 ( Removal of purulent exudates and eschar 2 2 3 | Lysis of intravascular <2 blood clots Rarely for IM or SC in Cataract removal Leukemia Destroy penicillin 1j.
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From page 72... ...
72 NEW FRONTIERS IN BIOTECHNOLOGY _ Factors Affecting Inflammation Helper Factors May Be Suppressor Factors May May Be Useful in Useful in Be Useful in Patients with overwhelming Tumor patients Allergy infection Postsurgical immune Aging Autoimmune disease, suppression SLE, arthritis Burn patients Diabetics M.S., thyroiditis, myasthenia gravis, etc. Postsurgical peritonitis Dialysis patients Transplantation Tumor patients Immunodeficiency disease Aging Al lergy Immunodeficiency disease NK cell activity Dialysis patients Burn patients Thyroiditis Trauma M.S.-EAE Postsurgical immune suppression Allergy Chronic diseases— hepatitis, parasitic Hodgkin's disease FIGURE 7 Clinical applications of cytokines.
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From page 73... ...
. Factors Enhancing Antibody Formation Factors Suppressi ng Anti body Formation — T-Cell Replacing Factor (TRF} · Chemotactic Factors for Basoph i Is ~ BC F and Eosinophils (ECF)
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From page 74... ...
These challenging problems involve the following: · Fermentation Regulation of protein production New host organisms, including mammalian cells Fermentation technology development · Protein recovery and purification
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From page 75... ...
Many of the techniques used today on production scale, for instance, to produce human insulin, really mimic the techniques of the laboratory. There is great opportunity for new innovation particularly in the area of protein recovery and purification.
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