Disposal of Industrial and Domestic Wastes Land and Sea Alternatives (1984) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
2. REPORT OF THE PANEL ON MARINE SCIENCES
2. REPORT OF THE PANEL ON MARINE SCIENCES
Pages 39-72
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From page 46... ...
Such events will destroy the chronology of sediment deposition (by winnowing away or redepositing lighter material on the top) , oxygenate surface sediments, release interstitial water, deplete dissolved oxygen in bottom water, enhance remobilization, and gradually transport sludge materials away from a discharge point.
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From page 47... ...
Bioturbation by burrowing animals (except in anoxic sediments) reduces vertical stratification among sediments, moves particles back to the sediment-water interface, and permits sediment oxygenation and other exchanges with the water column by increasing sediment porosity.
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From page 48... ...
Sorption/Desorption The sorption of inorganic and organic components on particles depends on the properties of sorbent, sorbate, and solution: · Sorbent: concentration, surface area, organic carbon content, lipid content, surface properties, particle size, exchange capacity, composition. · Sorbate: concentration, polarity, inorganic versus organic, charge, molecular (ionic)
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From page 50... ...
Light intensity Light attenuation at water depth by water absorption, particle reflectance · Sensitivity of organic species to light of specific spectral properties Efficiency and rate of photon transfer Exposure time of specific light properties In general, photoinduced transformations of organic species are important only in the upper reaches of the euphotic zone. The extent to which these reactions are important depends on the partitioning of photosensitive species between particle and dissolved phases and complexation in solution.
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From page 51... ...
Other Chemical Transformations Chemical transformations (other than those discussed above) include chemical alterations of organic species by hydrolysis reactions in solution.
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From page 52... ...
In addition, low ambient substrate concentrations, low environmental temperatures, and nonnatural organic structures greatly affect whether organics are transformed. Although microorganisms can be grown in culture to degrade/ transform all or most recalcitrant compounds, low substrate concentration and low temperatures in the aquatic environment make such transformations difficult to assess.
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From page 53... ...
The decay of this organic matter was responsible, they suggested, for the depletion of oxygen in near-bottom waters there. The relatively fixed ratio of major chemical elements in organisms makes it possible to relate changes in oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and phosphorus concentrations in solution to changes in phytoplankton biomass.
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From page 55... ...
Important questions still unanswered concern how significant this process is for the sedimentation of domestic or industrial waste components. Critical unknowns are the extent to which animal feeders can or will feed on discharged material and the importance of filter-feeding in subsurface waters.
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From page 56... ...
model of transport processes to examine the impact on water-column chemical constituents of sludge injection at various depths in the Santa Monica-San Pedro Basin. He combined estimates of horizontally averaged physical transport processes in the basin with oxygen and nitrate demands of sediments and suspended sludge particles to predict vertical concentration distributions of oxygen, nitrate, particulate organic matter, and oxidized organic matter in the water column.
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From page 57... ...
Formation of a prediction framework thus involves a reconsideration of physical, chemical, and biological processes, with an emphasis on the relationships among them in a context of common time and space scales. 2.3 CASE STUDY: PROPOSED DEEP-OCEAN DISCHARGE OF SEWAGE SLUDGE The preceding sections indicate the existence of a wide range of waste and site characteristics, discharge systems, and physical, chemical, and biological processes Figure 2.1 indicates that an analysis can be made for each pollutant of any given discharge at a particular site.
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From page 58... ...
This brief case study illustrates the application of the processes and modeling techniques described in Section 2.2. ~ ~ The case chosen is the proposed deep-ocean discharge of sewage sludge by the Orange County Sanitation District through a special outfall pipe terminating at 400-m depth about 12 km off Orange County in southern California.
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From page 59... ...
, turbulent mixing will provide additional dilution by a factor of 2 or 3 within 12 h. 2.3.1 Suspended Solids Direct effects of sludge particles include turbidity in the water column and the formation of deposits on the ocean bed.
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From page 62... ...
2.3.1.2 Dissolved Oxygen/Biochemical Oxygen Demand If we assume that secondary effluent mixed with the sludge stream has negligible biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) , then the BOD in the layer due to the sludge discharge would be 1.7 mg/L -- (-l mL/L)
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From page 64... ...
In the Southern California Bight, nutrient concentrations are lowest in the surface waters owing to biological utilization, peak at -100- to 300-m depth owing to microbially mediated decomposition of settling particles (see table below) , and generally decrease downward to the sediments.
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From page 66... ...
has demonstrated that even though concentrations of cadmium, copper, and zinc are elevated in sediments and organisms adjacent to outfalls, the presence of a detoxifying completing agent (metallothionen) in sea urchins and croaker fish enables these species to prevent concentrations of uncompleted, toxic cadmium, copper, and zinc in their surroundings from entering sensitive cellular sites.
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From page 68... ...
For example, less than 10 percent of the trace metals that have been discharged from one southern California sewage outfall has been found in nearby sediments (Bering and Abati, 1978; Morel et al., 1975)
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From page 70... ...
Dissolved oxygen concentrations can be predicted with confidence in some cases, but knowledge of the processes governing the fate of synthetic organics is limited. 2.5.2 Information Needs Resulting from Prediction In addition to the information needed for developing predictions of concentrations and fluxes, including model calibration, information needs are created by the prediction process itself.
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