Disposal of Industrial and Domestic Wastes Land and Sea Alternatives (1984) / Chapter Skim
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3. REPORT OF THE PANEL ON LAND DISPOSAL
3. REPORT OF THE PANEL ON LAND DISPOSAL
Pages 73-100
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From page 73... ...
Even after the most pressing aspects of waste treatment and disposal (e.g., sewage) were well recognized and modes of treatment established, almost another century passed before there was widespread recognition that land resources are finite and subject to multiple demands and that we could no longer indiscriminatelv dispose of unwanted residuals on the basis of institutional convenience.
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From page 74... ...
The basic concerns with respect to land disposal are the long-term security of the disposal facility and the effects of both unexpected and routine discharges from the facility. Security is dependent to a large degree on the hydrology and geology of the disposal site, on whether the disposal process has been engineered to complement site conditions, on long-term maintenance and monitoring, and to a lesser degree on the toxic properties of the waste itself.
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From page 76... ...
76 TABLE 3.1 Waste Properties Property Availability Relative Cost of of Dataa Obtaining Datab Comments Pathogen content Low Medium Toxicity Acute Chronic Toxicant mobility Water/soil Air Biodegradability/ persistence High Low Medium High Low High Medium Medium Low Medium Bioaccumulation High Medium Waste interaction High Low Phytotoxicity High Medium Incompatability with containment system Volume Low Medium High Low Especially critical for land application and agricultural use Major need is for organic mixtures Organic data are far less available than are inorganic data; organic data are more expensive to generate May not be required if facility acceptable with no biodegradability Large data base on metals Especially critical for agricultural use and land reclamation aHigh, readily available data base. bHigh, >$1 million; ; medium, fair data base; low, practically no medium, $100,000 to $1 million; low, <$100,000
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From page 77... ...
. Consequently, acute toxicity information should be used primarily as an indicator of unusually toxic materials that may require special scrutiny.
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From page 78... ...
Relatively inexpensive and standardized test methods are available for determining the acute toxicities of waste mixtures, however . 3.2.3 Chronic Toxicity In evaluating most land disposal plans, potential exposure over a long time to low concentrations or dosages in groundwater or surface waters must be considered.
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From page 79... ...
The long-term persistence of toxic components of wastes will be a key factor in determining disposal methodology. The probability of direct exposure of biota (including humans)
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From page 84... ...
Thus, in considering the application of large amounts of water to a disposal site, either by irrigation or injectiontype methods or storm events, a knowledge of water uptake by vegetation or direct evaporation is essential to quantitative estimation of subsequent transport pathways. In some situations, evaporation is the key factor in determining acceptable loading rates.
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From page 91... ...
of the waste or leachate and receiving waters, and the physical and chemical properties of streambed and suspended sediments. Because of the usually strong interaction between the water column and bed sediments, sediment transport characterizations (particle size distribution, exchange properties, and physical characteristics of the stream channel)
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From page 92... ...
As noted earlier, the fate of wastes or leachates that may be discharged from land disposal sites is a function of the physical, chemical, and biological conditions in the receiving waters as well as the relative magnitude of the input. An order-of-magnitude estimate of concentration may be made by simple conservation of mass calculations involving the flux of waste or leachate from the disposal site and the total water flow at the point of intake.
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From page 93... ...
, a primary concern is the buildup of potentially toxic substances in the soil zones where they may be taken up by plants or animals and thereby enter food chains. Particularly worrisome are organic compounds (e.g., PCBs, PBBs)
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From page 94... ...
3.4 FACILITY DESIGN PROPERTIES To determine the relative merits of a disposal system, the properties of a waste and the disposal setting must be considered together. This is because the relative hazard a waste may present and the relative cost of the disposal method will depend to a major degree on sitespecific conditions.
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From page 100... ...
1981. A growing season water balance model applied to two Douglas fir stands.
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