Oil in the Sea Inputs, Fates, and Effects (1985) / Chapter Skim
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1. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF PETROLEUM HYDROCARBON SOURCES
1. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF PETROLEUM HYDROCARBON SOURCES
Pages 17-42
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From page 17... ...
The chemical composition of crude oils from different producing regions, and even from within a particular formation, can vary tremendously. Crude oils contain thousands of different chemical compounds owing to processes dur ing petroleum formation resulting in "molecular scrambling.
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The polycyclic aromatics with more than 3 r ings consist mainly of pyrene, chrysene, benzanthracene, benzopyrene, benzofluorene, benzof l uor anthene, and perylene structures. The naphthenoaromatic compounds consist of mixed structures of aromatic and saturated cyclic rings.
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Naphtha fractior~ (wt %) Par af f ins Naphthenes Aromatics Benzenes Toluene C~ aromatics C' aromas ics C1O aromas ics Cll aromatics Indans H igh-boil ing f ractione (wt 9e Satur ates e-paraffins Cl1 C12 C13 C14 C15 C16 C17 C18 C19 c2o C C22 C23 C24 C25 C26 C27 C28 C29 C30 C31 C32 plUS Isoparaffins 27.8 0.94 0.23 10 20 23.2 12.5 7.4 3.2 0.3d 0.6 0.5 0.06 __ 76.8 14.4f 5.89 0.12 0.25 0.42 0.50 0.44 0.50 0.S1 0.47 0.43 0.37 0.32 0.24 0.21 0.20 0.17 0.15 0.10 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.07 1-ring cycloparaffins 9.9 2-ring cycloparaffins 7.7 34.5 0.25 0.69 2.2 1.9 18.6 8.8 7.7 2.1 0.2 0.4 0.7 O .5 0.2 O .1 __ 81.4 56.3 5.2 0.06 0.24 0.41 0.56 0.54 0.58 0.59 0.40 0.38 0.28 0.20 0.15 0.16 0.13 0.12 O .09 0.06 O .05 O .05 0.04 0.04 o 14.0 12.4 9.4 31.4 2.44 0.14 7.7 28.
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~Prudhoe Bay crude oil weathered 2 weeks to duplicate fractional distillation equivalent to approximately 205°C e-paraffin percentages from gas chromatography over the range Cll-C32 plus for the Prudhoe Bay crude oil sample only (R.
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7 5-r ing cyclopar af f ins 0 1.9 6-r ing cyclopar af f ins 0 0.4 Aromatics (wt % ~38 .2 34 . 2 Benzenes 10 .3 1.
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Porphyr ins occur as organometall ic complexes of vanadium and nickel. Oxygen compounds in crude oils (0-2%)
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. REFINED PRODUCTS Ref ined petroleum products introduced to the mar ine environment include gasoline, kerosene, jet fuels, fuel oils (No.
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FIGURE 1-la Chemical structure of petroleum hydrocarbons. Isooctane was formed in cracking process for gasoline production.
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corresponding crude oils. In addition, cracking operations generate olefins (alkenes and cycloalkenes)
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Species of marine organisms synthesize limited numbers of hydrocarbon constituents over relatively narrow boiling ranges. For example, odd-numbered carbon chains predominate in mar ine biotic systems (C15-C2 1 normal alkanes in phytoplankton)
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These are major hydrocarbon components of most "cleans coastal sediments (Wakeham and Farrington, 1980; Simoneit, 19781. Other compounds that have been detected in mar ine organisms include certain of the tr iterprenoid (hopane)
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formed dur ing combustion processes are transported seaward via direct deposition c; n the sea sur face or r ainout over land followed by stormwater runoff. PAH compounds are, therefore, ubiquitous chemical components of mar ine systems throughout the wor ld (Laf lamme and H ites, 1978; Pancirov and Brown, 1977; Youngblood and Blumer, 1975; Windsor and Hites, 1979; R.A.
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are very similar to those in petroleum, both being formed through low temperature processes, although careful evaluation of AHD plots may differentiate oil and coal (Hites et al., 1980~. DIAGNOSING SOURCES OF HYDROCARBONS The task of determining the sources of hydrocarbons in environmental samples is often difficult due to the multiplicity of sources that might be present and due to the postintroduction or postdeposition environmental modification of source materials.
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and Dredge Spoil-Mainly Combustion Derived (B) ; within each Homologous Series FIGURE 1-4 PAH alkyl homolog distr ibutions for sewage sludge and dredge spoils.
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2. Crude oil contains no olefins.
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- All character istics are attr ibutable to petroleum and ref ined products, although the composition of distillate cuts is narrower in boiling range than the corresponding crude oil. Light distillate cuts may contain olef inic mater ial and little, if any, trace metal content unless added.
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compounds relative to all saturated components. Weathered petroleum and the marine environment adjacent to weathering petroleum residues are affected by the oxidation products of both photochemical and microbial oxidation.
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To date, the various transformation products have not been used as markers for particular sources of inputs, although useful indicator compounds may emerge with further research. Characteristics that have proven useful are the following:
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That is, pristane, phytane, and farnesane become dominant saturated hydrocarbon components of weathered oils until they, too, are degraded.
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Character istics of Combustion-Related Hydrocarbons Little is known about the saturated hydrocarbon composition of the combustion products of fossil fuels. Most compositional information is based on polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons.
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t _ 101111 2. 2 ~He ~ - ca CA en '^ ~ - ~__ FIGURE 1-6 Gas chromatographic mass spectrometry selected ion searches for pentacyclic tr iterpanes (hopanes)
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1981. Comparat~ve weathering patterns of hydrocarbons from the Amoco Cadiz oil spill observed at a variety of coastal environments, pp.
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1974. Photooxidation as a factor in the environmental dispersal of crude oil.
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1979. Chemical character ization of mousse and selected environmental samples from the Amoco Cadiz oil spill, pp.
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NOAA, Office of Mar ine Pollution Assessment, Rockville, Md.
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1977b. The alkanes of mar ine organisms from the united Kingdom and surrounding waters.
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