Food Components to Enhance Performance An Evaluation of Potential Performance-Enhancing Food Components for Operational Rations (1994) / Chapter Skim
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6. Evaluation of Physical Performance
6. Evaluation of Physical Performance
Pages 113-126
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From page 113... ...
Many of these factors or processes are potential targets for performance-enhancing interventions, commonly referred to as ergogenic aids. Military personnel are required to perform heavy, physically demanding tasks under stressful conditions, which has stimulated the military's interest in the identification of useful ergogenic aids.
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From page 114... ...
This chapter is limited to a discussion of the later stages of physical performance evaluation, that is, performance testing in the intact whole body and, more specifically, in controlled laboratory and field task performance testing. PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE FACTORS AND THEIR EVALUATION Performance of physically demanding tasks is a function of both psychological and physiological factors (Table 6-1~.
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From page 115... ...
. Anaerobic power, also commonly referred to as muscular endurance, is defined as the muscular force generated during brief, intense exercise (repetitive contractions)
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From page 116... ...
isoinertial, which is the maximal force generated during the movement of a mass, as in lifting free weights or moving weight stacks on a weight machine (DeLorme, 1962~; (2) isokinetic, which is the torque produced during maximal contraction at a constant velocity, as measured by various isokinetic devices such as the Cybex II (Sapega et al., 1983~; and (3)
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From page 117... ...
The body's capacity to generate energy through the metabolic pathway of oxidative phosphorylation of diet-supplied substrates includes a number of components: pulmonary ventilation, oxygen saturation of the blood, pumping action of the heart, blood flow to the muscles, oxygen diffusion into the muscle cells, and action of the oxidative enzymes of the cell mitochondria. Some of these are possible sites for ergogenic aids.
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From page 118... ...
, thereby allowing evaluation of the efficiency of each of the subcomponents of neuromotor control. Premotor time corresponds to the central processing component, while motor time represents the muscle contractile component.
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From page 119... ...
are limited compared with the ample stores of lipids, potential ergogenic aids may target not only substrate stores but also their relative utilization during submaximal endurance exercise. Muscle glycogen levels during controlled endurance testing can be assessed directly through biopsies or indirectly through endurance times to exhaustion (Bergstrom and Hultman, 19671.
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From page 120... ...
Assessment of Submaximal Endurance Capacity Endurance capacity tests are the most common types of evaluations used to assess potential physical performance enhancing agents. This is because they more realistically mimic real tasks than maximal power tests do.
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From page 121... ...
Intensities lower than this extend endurance times to the point that motivational and discomfort factors rather than physiological limitation become dominant. Intensities greater than this tend to bring in factors of strength and anaerobic power rather than the factors of substrate and tissue homeostasis that limit aerobic metabolism.
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From page 123... ...
The final evaluation performed in a realistic operational setting would consist of a quantifiable task incorporated as part of a total operational scenario, such as a field training exercise or simulated unit combat training exercises. In this case the soldier is performing many tasks and is working under numerous demands, but with a single endurance task being used to evaluate the ergogenic aid.
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From page 124... ...
· Metabolic capacity targets should be further identified as one of the three energy-generating systems, and an appropriate measure should be selected for that system: strength, anaerobic power, or aerobic power. If energy substrate supply or tissue homeostasis is the target of the agent, then an aerobic endurance test should be chosen.
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From page 125... ...
Patton, and F.A. Frederick 1986 Comparative anaerobic power of men and women.
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From page 126... ...
Wright, and J.A. Vogel 1985 Performance on Selected Candidate Screening Test Procedures before and after Army Basic and Advanced Individual Training.
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