Food Components to Enhance Performance An Evaluation of Potential Performance-Enhancing Food Components for Operational Rations (1994) / Chapter Skim
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10. Endocrine and Immune System Response to Stress
10. Endocrine and Immune System Response to Stress
Pages 177-208
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From page 177... ...
Molecular participants in these responses to stress include traditional hormones, neuropeptides, immunologically generated cytokines, and the secondary and tertiary messengers formed within responding cells. These ~ William R
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From page 178... ...
Furthermore, the immunological consequences of stress may impair host defense mechanisms against infectious diseases and malignancies. Host defense mechanisms against infectious diseases are of special concern when military populations are under consideration.
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. The USAMRIID group measured day-to-day changes in glucocorticoids and was the first to report increases in aldosterone, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon during the stress of infectious illnesses and the depression of thyroid function.
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Army Ranger trainees were presented at a meeting of the Committee on Military Nutrition Research, Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences, in March, 1993 and are referred to here as unpublished data.
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Food restriction stress in mice induces gastric ulcers and increases plasma catecholamine values (Nakamura et al., 1990~. Catecholamine responses to infectious disease stress vary with the severity of illness.
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In contrast, CRF is not stimulated by some stimuli that induce ACTH release, including epinephrine, norepinephrine, angiotensin II, oxytocin, arginine vasopressin, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) , IL-2, and IL-6 (Plotsky, 1988; Rothwell and Grimble, 1992~.
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Similar small increases in plasma cortisol concentrations were seen in U.S. Rangers (Moore et al., 1992~.
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Analogous thyroidal suppression occurs in older or poorly conditioned long-distance runners (Hesse et al., 1989~. Low thyroid hormone concentrations also characterize traumatic or surgical stress (Geelhoed, 1987~.
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From page 185... ...
Increased plasma glucagon values were found in patients with recent strokes (O'Neill et al., 1991~. An increase in the insulin concentrations in the plasma of fully fed Rangers was reversed when food restriction stress was added to their training (Opstad and Aakvaag, 1981~.
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From page 186... ...
to 30-SO percent of the baseline concentrations in plasma was measured during all four phases of U.S. Army Ranger training (Moore et al., 1992)
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From page 187... ...
Stresses that induce cachexia or deficiencies in levels of body zinc can also induce a reversible state of thymic involution. Other stresses can also influence thymic cells; for example, auditory stress in mice inhibits migration of prethymic stem cells into the thymus (Bomberger and Haar, 1988~.
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From page 188... ...
Peak antibody titers after immunization may coincide with a rise in circulating glucocorticoids in mice (Blalock, 1988~. Cell-Mediated Immunity and Stress Cell-mediated immune responses to stress include poor responses of lymphocytes to mitogens, diminished delayed dermal hypersensitivity (DDH)
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From page 189... ...
, but an increase in mice stressed by food restriction (Nakamura et al., 1990~. A decrease in NK cell activity and NK cell recycling capacity occurred in rats subjected to surgical stress (Pollock et al., 1989~.
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Microbicidal and Tumoricidal Effects of NO Although the cytokine-induced generation of NO may have lethal consequences, it can also provide an alternative mechanism for the microbicidal and tumoricidal activities of macrophages and other body cells, a mechanism that is totally independent of the well-studied actions of free oxygen radicals generated during the respiratory burst of phagocytic cells. Following its intracellular induction by cytokine actions, NO synthase produces NO from the terminal guanidino nitrogen atoms of arginine, an amino acid that might be a candidate for use as a nutritional supplement.
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From page 191... ...
Following trauma in rodents, arginine supplements enhance thymic size, prevent thymic involution, and stimulate lymphocyte functions, including the synthesis of IL-2 and the production of natural killer cells. In this latter role, arginine also promotes host antitumor responses in a number of tumor models (Kirk and Barbul, 1992~.
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From page 192... ...
The fatty acid composition of cell wall phospholipids, as influenced by dietary intake of unsaturated fatty acids of the omega-3 or omega-6 varieties, determines which second messenger acids will be released into the cell (Rothwell and Grimble, 1992~. A dietary supplement of linoleic acid in healthy volunteers was shown to increase neutrophil phagocytosis, arachidonic acid release, and leukotriene B4 generation (Jannace et al., 1992~.
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Such symptomatic therapy could be of importance for military personnel with minor infections, inflammation, trauma, or other common military stresses by minimizing decrements in the physical and mental performances of soldiers as well as by reducing losses of their body nutrients and muscle mass. For example, in studies of groups of U.S.
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From page 194... ...
Also, when the hypermetabolic effects of fever are minimized, losses of body nutrients are reduced, and skeletal muscle protein is preserved (Beisel, 1991~. Tumor Necrosis Factor Like IL-1, TNF can be produced by many of the body's cells.
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From page 195... ...
the malaise, myalgia, headaches, somnolence, losses of body weight and muscle mass, and decrements in physical and mental performance that accompany military stresses in soldiers who do not have major wounds or infections. Indirect evidence suggests the occurrence of acute-phase reactions.
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From page 196... ...
Nutritional Support for the Immune System Attempts to improve immune system functions in cachectic patients have included supplementation of diets with vitamins, minerals, unsaturated fatty acids, single amino acids (especially arginine, glutamine, and alanine) , precursors of nucleotides, purines (adenine and guanine)
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From page 197... ...
Activated lymphocytes are capable of secreting small quantities of a number of hormones, including adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) , growth hormone (GH)
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The glucocorticoids suppress NK cell activity and reduce the amounts of cytokines and antibodies produced by lymphocytes (Khansari et al., 1990~. These steroids also block the intracellular production of arachidonic acid following interleukin-1 (IL-1)
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From page 199... ...
during military stresses. The major immune system response to stress is the activation of cells that release cytokines, including the triad of interleukins 1 and 6 and tumor necrosis factor, which combine to initiate acute-phase reactions.
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Fonnum 1978 Hormonal changes in serum in young men during prolonged physical strain.
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1992 Immunological aspects of the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research Study of Class 11-91. Unpublished paper presented at a Meeting of the Food and Nutrition Board Committee on Military Nutrition Research, Review of a Nutritional Assessment of Ranger Training Class 11-91, National Academy of Sciences, February 5, 1992, Washington, D.C.
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Sreedharan 1990 Generation and recognition of vasoactive intestinal peptide by cells of the immune system.
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Kilbourn, R.G., and P Belloni 1990 Endothelial cell production of nitrogen oxide in response to interferon gamma in combination with tumor necrosis factor, IL-1, or endotoxin.
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Kunkel, and M.J. Kluger 1990 Antiserum against tumor necrosis factor increases stress hyperthermia in rats.
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Aakvaag 1981 The effect of a high calorie diet on hormonal changes in young men during prolonged physical strain and sleep deprivation.
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Pp. 237-253 in Tumor Necrosis Factors: The Molecules and Their Emerging Role in Medicine, B
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Pp. 255-273 in Tumor Necrosis Factors: The Molecules and Their Emerging Role in Medicine, B
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