Food Components to Enhance Performance An Evaluation of Potential Performance-Enhancing Food Components for Operational Rations (1994) / Chapter Skim
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20. Effects of Caffeine on Cognitive Performance, Mood, and Alertness in Sleep-Deprived Humans
20. Effects of Caffeine on Cognitive Performance, Mood, and Alertness in Sleep-Deprived Humans
Pages 407-432
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From page 407... ...
The observable effects of this sleep disruption include decreased alertness, slowed thinking, lapses in attention, decreased motivation, and a performance phenomenon called the speed-accuracy-tradeoff: Several studies have documented performance and mood changes during periods of sleep deprivation (Babkoff et al., 1989a,b; Mikulincer et al., 1989; Thorne et al., 1983~. David M
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This last category of solutions for preventing or ameliorating sleep deprivation effects is the topic of the research reported in this chapter. The characteristics of stimulant drugs useful in specific military situations are not only effectiveness but low therapeutic toxicity and low abuse potential.
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From page 409... ...
Recently, however, caffeine has been found to significantly decrease reaction times in auditory and visual choice tasks when it was used at doses of as little as 32 mg and as great as 600 mg (Jacobson and Edgley, 1987; Lieberman et al., 1987a,b; Roache and Griffiths, 1987~. Other cognitive and psychomotor skills measured by the digitsymbol substitution task, serial subtraction of numbers, addition, symbol cancellation, card sorting, signal detection, symbol copying, and number cancellation have not been found to be affected by caffeine (Bruce et al., 1986; Childs, 1978; Ghoneim et al., 1986; Lieberman et al., 1987b; Loke et al., 1985; Roache and Griffiths, 1987; Swift and Tiplady, 1988)
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Multiple sleep latency test results by Rosenthal et al., (1991) showed that caffeine at doses of 75 and 150 mg increases alertness whether an individual is fully rested or partially sleep deprived.
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They were trained on a computerized performance assessment battery (Thorpe et al., 1985) designed to assess several cognitive functions periodically at approximately 2-h intervals throughout the sleep deprivation period (see hill description below)
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, match-tosample, and choice reaction time. These tasks were administered every 2 h through the sleep deprivation period and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 h after caffeine administration.
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Reaction Time. A choice reaction time task was used to measure reaction time.
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, subjects selected one of seven statements that best described their current state of alertness, ranging from 1 (feeling active and vital; alert; wide awake) to 7 (almost in reverie; sleep onset soon; losing struggle to remain awake)
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. Vital Signs Measurements of blood pressure, heart rate, and oral temperature were taken at least every 2 h throughout the sleep deprivation period.
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Significant effects of caffeine were observed on the throughput measure for the choice reaction time, serial addition/subtraction, and logical reasoning tasks (Figure 20-1 and Table 20-1~. Performance on the choice reaction time task for 8 h after drug administration in subjects who received the 600-mg dose was significantly different from that in subjects who received the placebo.
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From page 417... ...
For subjects receiving the 600-mg dose, performance remained significantly better than that for subjects receiving placebo for 10 h after drug administration, with no significant differences observed among the dose groups at the final 12-h testing period. Performance on the logical reasoning task by subjects receiving the two highest doses of caffeine was significantly better than by subjects receiving placebo for the entire 12-h period.
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Ratings of heart pounding, headache, sweatiness, arid upset stomach were unaffected by caffeine. Alertness Measures Multiple Sleep Latency Tests For the rested condition (day 1)
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. Vital Signs Diastolic blood pressure and oral temperature were significantly affected by caffeine administration (Table 20-1 and Figure 20-3~.
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of Go 422 I,.
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Choice reaction time requires little thinking but does require great accuracy and speed. The serial addition/subtraction task is a machine-paced task but has a greater mental component, whereas the logical reasoning task is self-paced and requires the greatest amount of thought for accurate responses.
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The alertness of amphetamine treated subjects (20 mg) , as measured by sleep latency tests, was nearly restored to the levels of rested subjects for 7 h (Newhouse et al., 1989~.
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Lader, and V Marks 1986 The psychopharmacological and electrophysiological effects of single doses of caffeine in healthy human subjects.
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Fadiran, D Penetar 1993 The influence of caffeine administration on in-vivo catecholamine pharmacodynamics in sleep deprived volunteers.
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Sing, and F.W. Hegge 1983 Plumbing human performance limits during 72 hours of high task load.
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Psychopharmacology 100:3~39. DISCUSSION HARRIS LIEBERMAN: We have some unpublished data from a couple of studies in which we did find significant effects of caffeine on mood swing.
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CAFFEINE AND SLEEP DEPRIVE TION 429 DAVID PENETAR: What we do is we bring them into the study the night before and give them 9 hours of time in bed before we start the study, so at that time they are all pretty consistent in the amount of sleep that they have had. JOHN VANDERVEEN: No, I meant the effects of caffeine on their subsequent sleep.
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DAVID PENETAR: Harris, your subjects could not sleep at night. HARRIS LIEBERMAN: Yes, two slides that you showed with my studies, the vigilance and reaction times, were for subjects who had stayed up all night the night before and who were back in the morning after the administration.
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From page 431... ...
As you know, caffeine powders are very bitter, so they could not tell what they were drinking other than lemon juice drink. If they talked among themselves, they just said "oh, it is not very good, it was bitter." WILLIAM BEISEL: So many of the emergency rations and so on seem to be candy bars with chocolate flavoring.
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