Food Components to Enhance Performance An Evaluation of Potential Performance-Enhancing Food Components for Operational Rations (1994) / Chapter Skim
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5. Biochemical Strategies for Ration Design: Concerns of Bioavailability
5. Biochemical Strategies for Ration Design: Concerns of Bioavailability
Pages 93-110
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From page 93... ...
The curve shown in Figure 5-1 is a simplification of a multidimensional response surface. The Committee on Military Nutrition Research has been seeking some definitions of the optimum nutrition plot on the y axis that will measure a response in terms of performance on a militaryrelated task.
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From page 94... ...
A related issue that should be addressed is the importance of time intervals both for the duration of feeding of any supplements and paired control or deficient diets and the intervals between consumption and testing the performance-related responses (Willcutts et al., 1988~. Military nutrition standards are shown in Table S- 1.
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From page 95... ...
energy requirement, so many of the nutrient requirements have been increased by a calorie multiplier when compared with Recommended Dietary Allowances of the National Research Council (National Research Council, 1980~. The Military Recommended Daily Allowances (MRDA)
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From page 96... ...
A key goal is to identify any special nutritional needs that may be created by stressful situations in combat, that include extremes of heat, cold, or altitude, in addition to physical and mental demands. Investigators would then work at engineering foods or special-purpose food supplements to be used in TABLE 5-2 Other Important Micronutrients Nutrient Safe and Adequate Intake*
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From page 97... ...
To develop a selection procedure for specific protein, peptide, or amino acid supplementation by consideration of precursors of stress-related biogenic amines. PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR RATION DESIGN In Chapter 4, Irwin Taub provided examples of some of the kinds of structured foods that can be developed and made stable to serve the requirements of military personnel.
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From page 98... ...
involving the participation of both the Co+2 and Co+3 states of vitamin BE (Gossamer et al., 1977~. Although this destructive interaction caused some concern about negative effects of megadoses of ascorbate supplements, the physiological organometallic coenzyme forms of vitamin BE are quite unlikely to participate in such destructive redox cycles TABLE 5-3 Technical Concerns for Ration Development Liquid versus Solids stability differences, sterilization required Long-term storage requirements Minerals and electrolytes—choice of salts Vitamins—choice of form Requirements for additives Stabil izers-antioxidants pH control buffers and acidulents for liquids Packaging the product to maximize stability Taste and acceptability as a function of temperature .
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From page 99... ...
with inositol phosphates (phytate) , producing insoluble, less available forms or the complexing of calcium or magnesium with the fatty acids produced by digestion of fats, forming insoluble soaps.
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From page 101... ...
During normal oral delivery of nutrients, few nutrients may pass directly into the bloodstream through oral cavity membranes. However, the buccal route is exploited for direct delivery of some active water-soluble pharmaceutical agents, including enzymes, which can be absorbed by the body by holding tablets under the tongue, thereby allowing the agents to gain entry to the bloodstream without the delay resulting from the passage of the agent through the digestive tract and thus bypassing a potential first-pass metabolism by the liver through the portal circulation.
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From page 102... ...
The portal route may take Mom 1 to 4 h to show evidence of nutrient intalce by an increase in the general blood concentration of those nutrients; a commonly studied indicator is the blood glucose level, which pealcs about 2 h after the intake of common carbohydrates, including simple sugars. An alternative route is taken by lipids, including long-chain fatty acids.
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From page 103... ...
A hypothesis can be constructed that, with certain amino acids such as tyrosine and tryptophan, repeated or chronic supplementation of the free amino acids may induce the catabolic liver enzymes, such as tryptophan pyrrolase to such an extent that more precursor amino acid will be oxidized or otherwise changed and less will get to the target tissues, such as the adrenal glands or the brain, to be used for biogenic amine synthetic pathways. One might then consider alternative strategies that could be used to minimize the effects of diversionary metabolic pathways on those amino acids that are intended to serve as neurotransmitter precursors.
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From page 104... ...
Investigators at the U.S. Army Natick Research, Development and Engineering Center are finding that they can get a stable vesicle by sonicating the mulitilamellar vesicles and waiting for subsequent thermal fusion or curing of the resulting smaller unilamellar vesicles.
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From page 105... ...
· Supplementation should be based on knowledge of the metabolic roles of the supplement's components and the basic dietary components. Finally, four major concerns related to the issues listed above set the stage for later issues.
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From page 106... ...
A bit of history outlined in Table 5-5 may put the task in perspective. In the prime period of Army human nutrition research Consolazio and colleagues established a time course for the onset of nutrient deficiency syndromes (Consolazio, 1983~.
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1983 Recommended dietary allowances.
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National Research Council 1980 Recommended Dietary Allowances, 9th Ed. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences Press.
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From page 109... ...
PATRICK DUANE: My own feeling is we would get somewhere into a middle ground if we focused on peptides or protein hydrolysates that happen to have the right enrichment in the amino acids that we are more interested in. RICHARD WURTMAN: Then, of course, you get into the problem that the efficacy of a compound like tyrosine will be specifically impaired if it is presented along with proteins unless you make a peptide that has tyrosine plus nonessential amino acids, and that gets very expensive.
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