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From page 327... ... , 85 Aleohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration {ADAMHA) , v, 35, 37 budget process, 21, 171, 172-175 grant review process, 22, 177 history of, 159-162 reorganization, vi-vii, 3, 19, 20, 21, 35, 36, 37, 42, 43, 158-168, 171, 174-175, 185, 240, 245 See also National Institute of Mental Health; National Institute on Aleohol Abuse and Alcoholism; National Institute on Drug Abuse; Office of Substance Abuse Prevention; Office of Treatment Improvement; Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration Aleohol Research Centers, 201, 203 Aleohol use, 61, 69, 70, 73 immune system effects, 13-14, 26, 134-135, 198, 201, 202 intervention and outreach, 106-107, 247-248 Read the entire page →
From page 328... ... See also Cognitive coping strategies; Coping behavior AZT (zidovudineJ, 18, 138, 152 B Backloading, 55 Basic research, 2, 24-25, 40, 188, 189 deficiencies in, 2, 40-41 funding allocations for, 190- 191 See also Theoretical models Behavioral epidemiology, viii, 3, 5, 30, 33, 41, 226, 237-238 Behavior change interventions, 2, 9-10, 28, 30, 40, 41, 83, 98-121, 203, 220, 229, 252 community focus, 9, 114- 116, 212-213, 214 evaluation of, 10, 11, 33, 119-121, 122, 123, 203, 216, 238 individual focus, 9, 88-89, 99, 108-111, 114 injection drug use, 111, 114, 116, 212-213, 214 maintenance, 9, 10, 11, 41, 116-119, 122, 123 models of, 9, 10, 83-88, 98-99, 118-119, 121-122, 227 research support, 11, 123 sexual behavior, 99, 108- 111, 114-115 study examples, 100- 109 See also Preventive interventions; Relapse prevention Bereavement, 16, 145 support services, 145, 244 Biomedical/biobehavioral research, 24, 188 NIAAA activities, 25-26, 201 -203 NIDA activities, 27-28, 209-210 NIMH activities, 30, 225-226 Bleach 215, 250 Blood, 1, 39, 51, 53, 58, 66 Blood-brain barrier, 13, 133 Blood transfusion, 1, 39, 52, 66 Booting, 53-54 Brain, 3, 6, 12, 13, 17, 42, 78, 80, 124 Budget process, 3, 20, 42, 157-158, 171-172, 173, 185 of ADAMHA, 21, 171, 172- 175 of NIAAA, 21, 174, 175- 176 of NIDA, 21, 174, 175-176 of NIH, 20-21, 168, 169-172, 175-176 of NIMH, 21, 174, 175-176 See also Funding for HIV/AIDS research and programs Butyl nitrite, 49 C California Partners' Study, 50-51 Caregiving, 16- 17, 30, 145 - 151 coping behavior of, 19, 141, 147, 148, 153 formal, 17, 148-149, 150 informal, 16-17, 146-148 mental health of, 16-17, 146-149, 149-151 research recommendations, 19, 149-151, 153 stress, 15, 17, 30, 150 Cases of AIDS. See Incidence; Prevalence Center for AIDS Intervention Research (CAIR) Read the entire page →
From page 329... ... See also Sex-for-crack exchanges Community factors, 5, 8-9, 10-11, 24, 76, 88-89, 93-94, 118, 123 activism, 93-94 high-risk settings, 4-5, 56-57, 71-75, 76 See also Cultural factors; Social networks; Social norms; Social science research; Socialstructural research Community intervention and outreach, 10-11, 88, 102-103, 104-105, 108-109, 114-116, 123, 228 for alcohol users, 247-248 for commercial sex workers, 115 for drug users, 5, 28, 116, 212-213, 214, 216, 241, 243, 249-250 for gay men, 91, 93-94, 114 and mental health services, 241, 243-244, 252-253 models of, 86-87 for Native Americans, 247-248 stress among workers, 17, 150-151 for youth, 244, 248, 251 See also Demonstration projects; National AIDS Demonstration Research Program Comprehensive Community Treatment Program (CCTPJ, 35, 241, 243 Concurrent epidemics and health events, 5, 6, 50, 71, 75, 76, 77 Condoms, 51, 83, 84, 92, 97, 111, 114, 115 and drug use, 60, 75, 116 female, 111, 112- 113 Contracts and contract proposals, 181, 192, 193 Cookers, 54-55 Cooperative agreements (UO 1 sl, 181, 192, 193 Cooperative clinical research fR10/ U101 awards, 192 Coping behavior, 15, 16, 19, 30, 141, 142-145, 153 of caregivers, 19, 141, 147, 148, 153 NIMH research, 19, 153 Cortical dementias, 128 Cost-effectiveness of interventions, 9, 11, 33, 121, 122, 123, 238 Cost-to-benefit ratio, 121, 122 Cottons, 54, 55 Counseling services, 99, 110, 244 Couples, 8, 11, 55-56, 89, 91, 92, 110, 123. See also Drug-running partners; Sexual partners Crack cocaine, 34, 59-63, 210, 211, 238 and sexual behavior, 28, 59, 60-63, 75, 211 Crack houses, 4-5, 59, 76 ClRISP (Computer Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) Read the entire page →
From page 330... ... , 38, 158 budget review process, 21, 170, 171 See also Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration; National Institutes of Health; Public Health Service; Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration Depression, 15- 16, 17, 30, 118, 140-141, 142, 143, 144 among caregivers, 16- 17, 30, 145 among health care professionals, 17, 149 among people with HIV/AIDS, 15-16, 30, 141-144 Diaphragms, 112 Diffusion Theory, 86-87 Disease progression and pathogenesis, 3, 11-12, 17-19, 24, 124-126, 129-133, 136-137, 151-152 basic research, 2, 41-42 central nervous system injury, 11-13, 124-126, 129, 133 and epidemiologic study, 66 and mental illness, 11, 12, 15, 18, 124, 140, 152 research recommendations, 17- 19, 151-152 social-structural factors, 10, 123 Division of Research Grants {DRG) , 177, 182 Dopamine systems, 10, 81-82, 122 Drug-running partners, 55-56, 91-92 Drugs. Read the entire page →
From page 331... ... , 93 Gender, 6, 7, 10, 11, 34, 79, 87, 92, 95-97, 122-123, 239 in coping strategies, 16, 145 in treatment and disease progression, 19, 152 Genital warts, 4, 50, 51 Gonorrhea, 4, 50 Gpl20 {glycoprotein) , 13, 130-132 Grant analysis methodology, 299-303 Grant review process, 3, 20, 42, 157-158, 176-185 of NIAAA, 23, 179, 180, 181, 182-183, 185 of NIDA, 23, 179, 180, 181, 182-183, 185 of NIH, 22-23, 177, 178-179, 181, 183 of NIMH, 23, 179, 181-183, 185 scoring and rating systems, 22-23, 178, 183-184, 185 Group counseling, 99 H Health Belief Model, 84, 85 Health care professionals attitudes toward patients, 17, 89, 149 mental health of, 17, 148-149, 150-151 training programs for, 20, 163, 231-232, 241, 243-244, 252 Health care services and access, 8, 18-19, 24, 67, 90, 152 for drug users, 14, 18-19, 136, 138-140, 152, 241, 243-244, 248 and family caregivers, 148 for gay men, 93 Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSAi, 38, 241, 252, 253, 254 Hemophiliacs, 1, 39, 40, 70 Hepatitis, 14, 49, 137 Heroin, 53, 55, 61, 80, 81, 82 Herpes, 4, 13, 50, 51, 129 Heterosexual transmission, 1, 4, 39, 48, 50-53, 66, 67, 96-97 and crack cocaine, 60-63 HHS. Read the entire page →
From page 332... ... See also Grant review process Injection drug use, 1, 4-5, 15, 28, 39, 40, 47, 53-58, 66, 69, 75, 78, 82, 91, 135-140, 210-212, 213-215 and caregiving, 147, 150 and clinical trials, 18, 152 coping strategies, 145 data collection, 70-71, 211 intervention and outreach, 71, 100-109, 111, 114, 116, 212-213, 214, 250 paraphernalia, 4, 53-55, 71, 250 seropositivity rates, 40 and sexual behavior, 53, 59, 63, 75, 91 -92 social norms in, 92 See also Needle exchange Intervention. See Behavior change interventions; Community intervention and outreach; Pharmacologic interventions; Preventive interventions; Services programs and delivery; Treatment Intramural research programs, 181 Intravenous drug use. Read the entire page →
From page 333... ... , 38, 172, 254 National Cancer Institute, 232, 233 National Center for Research Resources, 233, 234 National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 233, 234 National Institute of Allergies and Infectious Diseases, 232, 233, 234 National Institute of Mental Health {NIMH}, vi, vii, viii, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 11, 16, 40, 41, 42, 43, 47, 76, 77, 78, 122, 123, 151, 152, 153, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 236-237, 238, 239, 255, 256 AIDS coordinator position, 20, 29, 31, 33, 165, 168, 223, 237 budget process, 21, 174, 175-176 collaborative activities, 17- 18, 19, 30-31, 34, 37, 38, 151, 152, 229-232, 254, 255 grant review process, 22-23, 179, 181-183, 185 research portfolio and funding allocations, 23-24, 25, 29-30, 31, 42, 189-191 192, 193, 221-229, 232, 233, 234, 235 service linkages, 240, 243, 247, 251 -253 National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism {NIAAA) , vi, vii, viii, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 11, 18, 19, 40,41,42,43, 76, 77, 78, 122, 123, 151, 152, 153, 157, 158, 160, 161, 162, 163, 236-237, 238, 239, 255, 256 AIDS coordinator position, 20, 25-26, 31, 33, 165, 168, 237 budget process, 21, 174, 175- 176 collaborative activities, 17, 18, 19, 30-31, 34, 37, 38, 151, 229-232, 254, 255 grant review process, 22-23, 179, 180, 181, 182-183, 185 research portfolio and funding allocations, 23-24, 25-26, 31, 42, 189-191, 193, 198-204, 232, 233, 234, 235 service linkages, 240, 247-248 National Institute on Child Health and Human Development, 225, 233, 234 National Institute on Drug Abuse {NIDA) Read the entire page →
From page 334... ... See National Institutes of Health NIH Revitalization Act of 1993, vi, 19-21, 157, 168, 169, 170, 235 NIMH. See National Institute of Mental Health Nimodipine, 13, 132 Nitrite inhalants, 49 NMDA receptors, 131-132 Noradrenergic systems, 10, 122 Norms. Read the entire page →
From page 335... ... See AIDS dementia complex; Mental health and illness; Seriously mentally ill Psychoactive drugs, 14, 18, 81, 152, 249 Psychometrics, 184 Psychoneuroimmunology, 15- 16, 30, 141 - 142 NIMH research support for, 16, 30, 141, 190, 225 Psychosocial factors, 6, 7-8, 24, 43, 78, 83, 140-141, 188, 189 in behavior change, 9-10, 84-88, 118 and caregiving, 12, 15, 124, 141, 145-151 NIAAA research activities, 26, 203-204 NIDA research activities, 28, 213-215 NIMH research activities, 30, 221, 227 in risky behavior, 5, 83-84, 118 in sexual behavior, 6, 7, 83, 87-88, 92-93 See also Community factors; Coping behavior; Gender; Mental health and illness; Psychoneuroimmunology; Relationships Public Health Service iPHSi, vi, 43, 171, 177 interagency coordination, 6, 34, 38, 77, 237, 238, 254-255 services programs, 157 See also Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration; National Institutes of Health; Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration Q Qualitative sociology, viii, 3, 41, 76 Quality of life, 67 and AIDS dementia complex, 12, 126 Quinolinic acid {QUIN) , 131, 225 R Race/ethnicity, 7, 10, 11, 34, 67, 94-95, 118, 123 and coping strategies, 16, 19, 145, 153 discrimination, 8, 90, 95, 97 in treatment and disease progression, 19, 152 as variable in research, 10, 11, 19, 34, 118, 123, 152, 153, 239 See also African Americans; Hispanic/Latino Americans Randomized controlled trials, 9, 98, 119-120 Rectal douching, 48-49 Relapse prevention, 11, 116- 119, 123 Relationships, 24, 30, 89 among drug users, 55-56, 75, 96 Read the entire page →
From page 336... ... See also Commercial sex workers Sexual behavior, 4-5, 47-53, 75, 78, 230 and alcohol use, 49, 63-66, 80, 118, 199, 203, 204 and crack cocaine, 28, 59, 60-63, 75, 211-212 intervention and outreach, 91, 93, 98-99, 100-109, 110-111, 114-119 national surveys, 2, 40, 83 neurobiologieal factors, 6-7, 10, 78-79, 122 psychosocial factors, 6, 7, 83, 87-88, 92-93 research on, 2, 4, 5-6, 10, 11, 40-41, 76-77, 122, 123, 227 among seriously mentally ill, 72-73 Sexually transmitted diseases jSTDsl, 4, 6-7, 48, 50, 51, 53, 75 and drug users, 59, 60, 62, 243 health care worker training programs, 241 See also Gonorrhea, Herpes, Syphilis Sexual orientation, 4, 48 coping strategies, 19, 153 See also Gay and bisexual men; Heterosexual transmission; Lesbians and bisexual women Sexual partners, 1, 39, 50-52 of drug users, 1, 39, 63, 66, 93, 116, 205, 211-212, 213, 214, 241, 249 multiplicity of, 4, 48, 52, 83, 118 networks, 67-68, 71-74, 93 Sex workers. See Commercial sex workers "Shooting galleries," 4-5, 55, 56-57, 58, 59, 76 Skills building programs, 244 Skin-popping, 53 Small Business Innovation Research Grants {SBIR-R43/44l, 192 Social Cognitive Learning Theory, 84, 85 Social networks, 8, 30, 65-66, 67-68, 74-75, 88, 90-92 and prevalence, 92 Social norms, 7, 8, 9, 74, 91, 92-93, 98 Social science research, 2, 5-6, 8-9, 21, 33, 40-41, 76-77, 88-97, 237-238. Read the entire page →
From page 337... ... See also Grant review process Subcortical dementias, 128,129 Substance abuse, 4-5,27-28,40,70,75 and clinical trials, 18,152 data collection, 2,18,28, 70-71, 76, 210-211 and health care access, 14,18-19,136, 138-140,152,241,243-244,248 and HIV disease progression and pathogenesis, 11, 12,14,18,124, 134,136-137,152,205 and HIV treatment, 12,14- 15,18, 135-136,138-140,152 intervention and outreach, 5,41, 116,212-213,214,241,243, 249-250 neurobiological factors, 6,7,10,12, 78-79,80-83,122 psychosocial factors, 6,90,91,96 research recommendations, 2,5-6, 10,18-19,33-34,76-77,238 and sexual behavior, 49,53,60-63, 75,80,118 See also Alcohol use; Cocaine; Crack cocaine; Heroin; Injection drug use; Needle exchange Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration {SAMHSAl, vi, 3,19,34,35,36, 37,38,43,157,158,163,165, 238,240,241,244,249,251, 253-255 coordination and collaboration, 34, 35,38,238,244-245,249,251, 253-255 service activities, 35,240-245 See also Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration; Center for Mental Health Services; Center for Substance Abuse Prevention; Center for Substance Abuse Treatment Surveillance and data collection, 5,31, 66,69-71,76 drug abuse, 2,18,28, 70-71,76, 210-211 limitations and deficiencies, 2,3, 40-41,66,69,76,92 sexual practices, 2,40,40-41,83 sociocultural factors, 34,239 Susceptibility, 48,49-50,84,85 Syphilis,4,50, 51, 62, 63 Syringes, 4,53-54,55,57,58,250. See also Bleach; Hypodermic needles; Injection drug use, paraphernalia; Needle exchange T T-cells, 14,135 Technology transfer, 36,245,249,252 Testing for HIV, 40,69,142,143 among drug users, 243 Theoretical models, 7-8,10,24,95-96, 122 of behavior change, 9, 10, 83-88,98 99,118-119,121-122,122,227 of sexual behavior, 7,87-88,96 Theory of Reasoned Action, 84 Toxoplasmosis, 12' 125 Training of health care professionals, 20, 163,231-232,241,243-244,252 Read the entire page →
From page 338... ... 338 / INDEX of researchers, 192, 231 for service programs, 249-250 Treatment, 1-2, 3, 4, 11-12, 18-19, 24, 40, 41 -42, 124 demonstration programs, 35, 241, 243-244 for drug users, 28, 111, 205, 210, 215, 217, 218-219 health care worker training, 241 See also Pharmacologic interventions Tuberculosis, 14, 75, 136-137, 241, 243 Tumor Necrosis Factor, 13, 131, 132 Tuskegee study, 95 U Unemployment, 8, 90 Urban areas, 4-5, 56, 67-68 V Vaccines, 1-2, 40 Vaginal secretions, 50 Vaginal transmission. See Heterosexual transmission Violence, 6, 77, 96 Virologic studies, 54 W Water contamination, 54, 57 Withdrawal syndrome, 7, 10, 57, 80, 82, 122 Women, 1, 24, 34, 39, 40, 67, 238, 248 lesbian and bisexual, 53 and relationships, 74, 87-88, 95-97 same-sex transmission, 53 sexual transmission and prophylaxis, 11, 50-53, 111, 112-113, 123 Women and Infants Transmission Study (WITSI, 226 World Health Organization, 47 y Youth, 40, 41, 70, 99, 118 intervention and outreach, 108, 203, 244, 247, 248, 251 z Zidovudine jAZTI, 18, 138, 152 Read the entire page →

From page 327...

... , 85 Aleohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration {ADAMHA) , v, 35, 37 budget process, 21, 171, 172-175 grant review process, 22, 177 history of, 159-162 reorganization, vi-vii, 3, 19, 20, 21, 35, 36, 37, 42, 43, 158-168, 171, 174-175, 185, 240, 245 See also National Institute of Mental Health; National Institute on Aleohol Abuse and Alcoholism; National Institute on Drug Abuse; Office of Substance Abuse Prevention; Office of Treatment Improvement; Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration Aleohol Research Centers, 201, 203 Aleohol use, 61, 69, 70, 73 immune system effects, 13-14, 26, 134-135, 198, 201, 202 intervention and outreach, 106-107, 247-248

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From page 328...

... See also Cognitive coping strategies; Coping behavior AZT (zidovudineJ, 18, 138, 152 B Backloading, 55 Basic research, 2, 24-25, 40, 188, 189 deficiencies in, 2, 40-41 funding allocations for, 190- 191 See also Theoretical models Behavioral epidemiology, viii, 3, 5, 30, 33, 41, 226, 237-238 Behavior change interventions, 2, 9-10, 28, 30, 40, 41, 83, 98-121, 203, 220, 229, 252 community focus, 9, 114- 116, 212-213, 214 evaluation of, 10, 11, 33, 119-121, 122, 123, 203, 216, 238 individual focus, 9, 88-89, 99, 108-111, 114 injection drug use, 111, 114, 116, 212-213, 214 maintenance, 9, 10, 11, 41, 116-119, 122, 123 models of, 9, 10, 83-88, 98-99, 118-119, 121-122, 227 research support, 11, 123 sexual behavior, 99, 108- 111, 114-115 study examples, 100- 109 See also Preventive interventions; Relapse prevention Bereavement, 16, 145 support services, 145, 244 Biomedical/biobehavioral research, 24, 188 NIAAA activities, 25-26, 201 -203 NIDA activities, 27-28, 209-210 NIMH activities, 30, 225-226 Bleach 215, 250 Blood, 1, 39, 51, 53, 58, 66 Blood-brain barrier, 13, 133 Blood transfusion, 1, 39, 52, 66 Booting, 53-54 Brain, 3, 6, 12, 13, 17, 42, 78, 80, 124 Budget process, 3, 20, 42, 157-158, 171-172, 173, 185 of ADAMHA, 21, 171, 172- 175 of NIAAA, 21, 174, 175- 176 of NIDA, 21, 174, 175-176 of NIH, 20-21, 168, 169-172, 175-176 of NIMH, 21, 174, 175-176 See also Funding for HIV/AIDS research and programs Butyl nitrite, 49 C California Partners' Study, 50-51 Caregiving, 16- 17, 30, 145 - 151 coping behavior of, 19, 141, 147, 148, 153 formal, 17, 148-149, 150 informal, 16-17, 146-148 mental health of, 16-17, 146-149, 149-151 research recommendations, 19, 149-151, 153 stress, 15, 17, 30, 150 Cases of AIDS. See Incidence; Prevalence Center for AIDS Intervention Research (CAIR)

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From page 329...

... See also Sex-for-crack exchanges Community factors, 5, 8-9, 10-11, 24, 76, 88-89, 93-94, 118, 123 activism, 93-94 high-risk settings, 4-5, 56-57, 71-75, 76 See also Cultural factors; Social networks; Social norms; Social science research; Socialstructural research Community intervention and outreach, 10-11, 88, 102-103, 104-105, 108-109, 114-116, 123, 228 for alcohol users, 247-248 for commercial sex workers, 115 for drug users, 5, 28, 116, 212-213, 214, 216, 241, 243, 249-250 for gay men, 91, 93-94, 114 and mental health services, 241, 243-244, 252-253 models of, 86-87 for Native Americans, 247-248 stress among workers, 17, 150-151 for youth, 244, 248, 251 See also Demonstration projects; National AIDS Demonstration Research Program Comprehensive Community Treatment Program (CCTPJ, 35, 241, 243 Concurrent epidemics and health events, 5, 6, 50, 71, 75, 76, 77 Condoms, 51, 83, 84, 92, 97, 111, 114, 115 and drug use, 60, 75, 116 female, 111, 112- 113 Contracts and contract proposals, 181, 192, 193 Cookers, 54-55 Cooperative agreements (UO 1 sl, 181, 192, 193 Cooperative clinical research fR10/ U101 awards, 192 Coping behavior, 15, 16, 19, 30, 141, 142-145, 153 of caregivers, 19, 141, 147, 148, 153 NIMH research, 19, 153 Cortical dementias, 128 Cost-effectiveness of interventions, 9, 11, 33, 121, 122, 123, 238 Cost-to-benefit ratio, 121, 122 Cottons, 54, 55 Counseling services, 99, 110, 244 Couples, 8, 11, 55-56, 89, 91, 92, 110, 123. See also Drug-running partners; Sexual partners Crack cocaine, 34, 59-63, 210, 211, 238 and sexual behavior, 28, 59, 60-63, 75, 211 Crack houses, 4-5, 59, 76 ClRISP (Computer Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects)

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From page 330...

... , 38, 158 budget review process, 21, 170, 171 See also Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration; National Institutes of Health; Public Health Service; Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration Depression, 15- 16, 17, 30, 118, 140-141, 142, 143, 144 among caregivers, 16- 17, 30, 145 among health care professionals, 17, 149 among people with HIV/AIDS, 15-16, 30, 141-144 Diaphragms, 112 Diffusion Theory, 86-87 Disease progression and pathogenesis, 3, 11-12, 17-19, 24, 124-126, 129-133, 136-137, 151-152 basic research, 2, 41-42 central nervous system injury, 11-13, 124-126, 129, 133 and epidemiologic study, 66 and mental illness, 11, 12, 15, 18, 124, 140, 152 research recommendations, 17- 19, 151-152 social-structural factors, 10, 123 Division of Research Grants {DRG) , 177, 182 Dopamine systems, 10, 81-82, 122 Drug-running partners, 55-56, 91-92 Drugs.

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From page 331...

... , 93 Gender, 6, 7, 10, 11, 34, 79, 87, 92, 95-97, 122-123, 239 in coping strategies, 16, 145 in treatment and disease progression, 19, 152 Genital warts, 4, 50, 51 Gonorrhea, 4, 50 Gpl20 {glycoprotein) , 13, 130-132 Grant analysis methodology, 299-303 Grant review process, 3, 20, 42, 157-158, 176-185 of NIAAA, 23, 179, 180, 181, 182-183, 185 of NIDA, 23, 179, 180, 181, 182-183, 185 of NIH, 22-23, 177, 178-179, 181, 183 of NIMH, 23, 179, 181-183, 185 scoring and rating systems, 22-23, 178, 183-184, 185 Group counseling, 99 H Health Belief Model, 84, 85 Health care professionals attitudes toward patients, 17, 89, 149 mental health of, 17, 148-149, 150-151 training programs for, 20, 163, 231-232, 241, 243-244, 252 Health care services and access, 8, 18-19, 24, 67, 90, 152 for drug users, 14, 18-19, 136, 138-140, 152, 241, 243-244, 248 and family caregivers, 148 for gay men, 93 Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSAi, 38, 241, 252, 253, 254 Hemophiliacs, 1, 39, 40, 70 Hepatitis, 14, 49, 137 Heroin, 53, 55, 61, 80, 81, 82 Herpes, 4, 13, 50, 51, 129 Heterosexual transmission, 1, 4, 39, 48, 50-53, 66, 67, 96-97 and crack cocaine, 60-63 HHS.

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From page 332...

... See also Grant review process Injection drug use, 1, 4-5, 15, 28, 39, 40, 47, 53-58, 66, 69, 75, 78, 82, 91, 135-140, 210-212, 213-215 and caregiving, 147, 150 and clinical trials, 18, 152 coping strategies, 145 data collection, 70-71, 211 intervention and outreach, 71, 100-109, 111, 114, 116, 212-213, 214, 250 paraphernalia, 4, 53-55, 71, 250 seropositivity rates, 40 and sexual behavior, 53, 59, 63, 75, 91 -92 social norms in, 92 See also Needle exchange Intervention. See Behavior change interventions; Community intervention and outreach; Pharmacologic interventions; Preventive interventions; Services programs and delivery; Treatment Intramural research programs, 181 Intravenous drug use.

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From page 333...

... , 38, 172, 254 National Cancer Institute, 232, 233 National Center for Research Resources, 233, 234 National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 233, 234 National Institute of Allergies and Infectious Diseases, 232, 233, 234 National Institute of Mental Health {NIMH}, vi, vii, viii, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 11, 16, 40, 41, 42, 43, 47, 76, 77, 78, 122, 123, 151, 152, 153, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 236-237, 238, 239, 255, 256 AIDS coordinator position, 20, 29, 31, 33, 165, 168, 223, 237 budget process, 21, 174, 175-176 collaborative activities, 17- 18, 19, 30-31, 34, 37, 38, 151, 152, 229-232, 254, 255 grant review process, 22-23, 179, 181-183, 185 research portfolio and funding allocations, 23-24, 25, 29-30, 31, 42, 189-191 192, 193, 221-229, 232, 233, 234, 235 service linkages, 240, 243, 247, 251 -253 National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism {NIAAA) , vi, vii, viii, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 11, 18, 19, 40,41,42,43, 76, 77, 78, 122, 123, 151, 152, 153, 157, 158, 160, 161, 162, 163, 236-237, 238, 239, 255, 256 AIDS coordinator position, 20, 25-26, 31, 33, 165, 168, 237 budget process, 21, 174, 175- 176 collaborative activities, 17, 18, 19, 30-31, 34, 37, 38, 151, 229-232, 254, 255 grant review process, 22-23, 179, 180, 181, 182-183, 185 research portfolio and funding allocations, 23-24, 25-26, 31, 42, 189-191, 193, 198-204, 232, 233, 234, 235 service linkages, 240, 247-248 National Institute on Child Health and Human Development, 225, 233, 234 National Institute on Drug Abuse {NIDA)

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From page 334...

... See National Institutes of Health NIH Revitalization Act of 1993, vi, 19-21, 157, 168, 169, 170, 235 NIMH. See National Institute of Mental Health Nimodipine, 13, 132 Nitrite inhalants, 49 NMDA receptors, 131-132 Noradrenergic systems, 10, 122 Norms.

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From page 335...

... See AIDS dementia complex; Mental health and illness; Seriously mentally ill Psychoactive drugs, 14, 18, 81, 152, 249 Psychometrics, 184 Psychoneuroimmunology, 15- 16, 30, 141 - 142 NIMH research support for, 16, 30, 141, 190, 225 Psychosocial factors, 6, 7-8, 24, 43, 78, 83, 140-141, 188, 189 in behavior change, 9-10, 84-88, 118 and caregiving, 12, 15, 124, 141, 145-151 NIAAA research activities, 26, 203-204 NIDA research activities, 28, 213-215 NIMH research activities, 30, 221, 227 in risky behavior, 5, 83-84, 118 in sexual behavior, 6, 7, 83, 87-88, 92-93 See also Community factors; Coping behavior; Gender; Mental health and illness; Psychoneuroimmunology; Relationships Public Health Service iPHSi, vi, 43, 171, 177 interagency coordination, 6, 34, 38, 77, 237, 238, 254-255 services programs, 157 See also Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration; National Institutes of Health; Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration Q Qualitative sociology, viii, 3, 41, 76 Quality of life, 67 and AIDS dementia complex, 12, 126 Quinolinic acid {QUIN) , 131, 225 R Race/ethnicity, 7, 10, 11, 34, 67, 94-95, 118, 123 and coping strategies, 16, 19, 145, 153 discrimination, 8, 90, 95, 97 in treatment and disease progression, 19, 152 as variable in research, 10, 11, 19, 34, 118, 123, 152, 153, 239 See also African Americans; Hispanic/Latino Americans Randomized controlled trials, 9, 98, 119-120 Rectal douching, 48-49 Relapse prevention, 11, 116- 119, 123 Relationships, 24, 30, 89 among drug users, 55-56, 75, 96

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From page 336...

... See also Commercial sex workers Sexual behavior, 4-5, 47-53, 75, 78, 230 and alcohol use, 49, 63-66, 80, 118, 199, 203, 204 and crack cocaine, 28, 59, 60-63, 75, 211-212 intervention and outreach, 91, 93, 98-99, 100-109, 110-111, 114-119 national surveys, 2, 40, 83 neurobiologieal factors, 6-7, 10, 78-79, 122 psychosocial factors, 6, 7, 83, 87-88, 92-93 research on, 2, 4, 5-6, 10, 11, 40-41, 76-77, 122, 123, 227 among seriously mentally ill, 72-73 Sexually transmitted diseases jSTDsl, 4, 6-7, 48, 50, 51, 53, 75 and drug users, 59, 60, 62, 243 health care worker training programs, 241 See also Gonorrhea, Herpes, Syphilis Sexual orientation, 4, 48 coping strategies, 19, 153 See also Gay and bisexual men; Heterosexual transmission; Lesbians and bisexual women Sexual partners, 1, 39, 50-52 of drug users, 1, 39, 63, 66, 93, 116, 205, 211-212, 213, 214, 241, 249 multiplicity of, 4, 48, 52, 83, 118 networks, 67-68, 71-74, 93 Sex workers. See Commercial sex workers "Shooting galleries," 4-5, 55, 56-57, 58, 59, 76 Skills building programs, 244 Skin-popping, 53 Small Business Innovation Research Grants {SBIR-R43/44l, 192 Social Cognitive Learning Theory, 84, 85 Social networks, 8, 30, 65-66, 67-68, 74-75, 88, 90-92 and prevalence, 92 Social norms, 7, 8, 9, 74, 91, 92-93, 98 Social science research, 2, 5-6, 8-9, 21, 33, 40-41, 76-77, 88-97, 237-238.

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From page 337...

... See also Grant review process Subcortical dementias, 128,129 Substance abuse, 4-5,27-28,40,70,75 and clinical trials, 18,152 data collection, 2,18,28, 70-71, 76, 210-211 and health care access, 14,18-19,136, 138-140,152,241,243-244,248 and HIV disease progression and pathogenesis, 11, 12,14,18,124, 134,136-137,152,205 and HIV treatment, 12,14- 15,18, 135-136,138-140,152 intervention and outreach, 5,41, 116,212-213,214,241,243, 249-250 neurobiological factors, 6,7,10,12, 78-79,80-83,122 psychosocial factors, 6,90,91,96 research recommendations, 2,5-6, 10,18-19,33-34,76-77,238 and sexual behavior, 49,53,60-63, 75,80,118 See also Alcohol use; Cocaine; Crack cocaine; Heroin; Injection drug use; Needle exchange Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration {SAMHSAl, vi, 3,19,34,35,36, 37,38,43,157,158,163,165, 238,240,241,244,249,251, 253-255 coordination and collaboration, 34, 35,38,238,244-245,249,251, 253-255 service activities, 35,240-245 See also Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration; Center for Mental Health Services; Center for Substance Abuse Prevention; Center for Substance Abuse Treatment Surveillance and data collection, 5,31, 66,69-71,76 drug abuse, 2,18,28, 70-71,76, 210-211 limitations and deficiencies, 2,3, 40-41,66,69,76,92 sexual practices, 2,40,40-41,83 sociocultural factors, 34,239 Susceptibility, 48,49-50,84,85 Syphilis,4,50, 51, 62, 63 Syringes, 4,53-54,55,57,58,250. See also Bleach; Hypodermic needles; Injection drug use, paraphernalia; Needle exchange T T-cells, 14,135 Technology transfer, 36,245,249,252 Testing for HIV, 40,69,142,143 among drug users, 243 Theoretical models, 7-8,10,24,95-96, 122 of behavior change, 9, 10, 83-88,98 99,118-119,121-122,122,227 of sexual behavior, 7,87-88,96 Theory of Reasoned Action, 84 Toxoplasmosis, 12' 125 Training of health care professionals, 20, 163,231-232,241,243-244,252

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From page 338...

... 338 / INDEX of researchers, 192, 231 for service programs, 249-250 Treatment, 1-2, 3, 4, 11-12, 18-19, 24, 40, 41 -42, 124 demonstration programs, 35, 241, 243-244 for drug users, 28, 111, 205, 210, 215, 217, 218-219 health care worker training, 241 See also Pharmacologic interventions Tuberculosis, 14, 75, 136-137, 241, 243 Tumor Necrosis Factor, 13, 131, 132 Tuskegee study, 95 U Unemployment, 8, 90 Urban areas, 4-5, 56, 67-68 V Vaccines, 1-2, 40 Vaginal secretions, 50 Vaginal transmission. See Heterosexual transmission Violence, 6, 77, 96 Virologic studies, 54 W Water contamination, 54, 57 Withdrawal syndrome, 7, 10, 57, 80, 82, 122 Women, 1, 24, 34, 39, 40, 67, 238, 248 lesbian and bisexual, 53 and relationships, 74, 87-88, 95-97 same-sex transmission, 53 sexual transmission and prophylaxis, 11, 50-53, 111, 112-113, 123 Women and Infants Transmission Study (WITSI, 226 World Health Organization, 47 y Youth, 40, 41, 70, 99, 118 intervention and outreach, 108, 203, 244, 247, 248, 251 z Zidovudine jAZTI, 18, 138, 152

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INDEX Pages 327-338

INDEX
Pages 327-338