Live Fire Testing of the F-22 (1995) / Chapter Skim
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APPENDIXES
APPENDIXES
Pages 99-125
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From page 99... ...
. Objectives Complete administrative matters; agree on tasking and study plan; review tentative report outline; assign persons responsible for various sections of report; begin data gathering from selected presenters-Air Force, OSD, congressional staff, arid others as appropriate; decide what additional data are needed; and determine next steps.
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From page 100... ...
Morgues, General Accounting Office. COMMITTEE MEETING AND SITE VISIT: JANUARY 19-20, 1995 F-22 SYSTEM PROGRAM OFFICE, WRIGHT-PATTERSON AIR FORCE BASE, OHIO Participants Committee except Charles Crawford, Robert Loewy, and Larry Ullyatt; NRC staff; and briefers.
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From page 101... ...
Joint Live Fire Testing. Presented by Ralph La~z~e, Wright Laboratories.
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From page 102... ...
RouncI-Table Question-and-Answer Session Survivability and live fire testing issues were discussed by He committee, NRC staff, and the following participants:
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From page 103... ...
Presented by John Mansion, Naval Air Warfare Center. F/A-~8E/F and V-22 Live Fire Test Program.
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From page 104... ...
COMMITTEE MEETING: APRIL 27-2S, 1995 WASHINGTON, D.C. Participants Committee except Laity Ullaytt; arid NRC staff.
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From page 105... ...
in the case of a product unprovement to a covered system, realistic survivability testing is completed in accordance with this section; and (B) in the case of a product improvement to a major munitions program or a missile program, realistic lethality testing is completed in accordance with this section.
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From page 106... ...
The Secretary of Defense may waive the application of the survivability and lethality tests of this section to a covered system, munitions program, missile program, or covered product improvement program if the Secretary, before the system or program enters engineering and manufacturing development, certifies to Congress that live-fire testing of such system or program would be unreasonably expensive and impractical.
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From page 107... ...
(4) The term "realistic lethality testing" means, in the case of a major munitions program or a missile program (or a covered product improvement program for such a program)
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From page 108... ...
20301-1600, dated October 8, 1993) requesting a waiver of live fire testing for the F-22.
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From page 109... ...
Section 2366 of title 10 allows the Secretary of Defense to waive the requirement if, before the system enters fill-scale engineering development, the Secretary certifies to Congress that live fire testing, of the system would be unreasonably expensive and impractical. Because of the cost of an F-22 aircraft, such testing is both unreasonably expensive and impractical.
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From page 110... ...
of such title 10 that live-fire testing of the F-22 system under such section would be unreasonably expensive or impractical, the Secretary of Defense shall require that sufficiently large and realistic components and subsystems that could affect the survivability of the F-22 system be made available for any alternative live-fire test program.
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From page 111... ...
The F-22 vulnerability reduction/LFT&E program uses detailed requirements analyses, vulnerability reduction design features, and a build-up ballistic testing approach to verify the combat survivability of the air vehicle design. Tests are being completed in parallel with the Engineering and Manufacturing Development (ENO)
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From page 112... ...
Detailed AnalYses. The vulnerability analysis is based upon standard digital computer models, such as those sponsored by the Joint Technical Coordinating Group/Aircraft Survivability (ITCG/AS)
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From page 113... ...
Hydrodynamic ram phenomena have not been adequately modeled. Hydrodynamic ram testing comprises a significant portion of the F-22 ballistic testing because of its importance in aircraft survivability and because of mode!
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From page 114... ...
The fuselage Mel tank structural test article wait include the aft crew station bulkhead. This development test will demonstrate that structural (hydrodynamic ram)
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From page 115... ...
MODEL ENHANCEMENTS As stated earlier, some of the ballistic tests selected were based upon the fact that existing models are not adequate for all situations of interest. For example, they are not adequate for predicting penetration of new materials, for predicting sustained fires, arid for predicting damage when there are synergistic effects.
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From page 116... ...
support in accomplishing additional improvements. CREW CASUALTIES Crew casualty reduction is one of the critical factors identified in the Live Fire Test legislation.
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From page 117... ...
Appendix D VuInerabili~cy Assessment Process The body of this appendix reproduces pages 1 1 to 18 (numbered here as pages D-1 to D-8) of the National Research CounciT's 1993 report Vulnerability Assessment of Aircraft.
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From page 118... ...
TO _olldI1 he the ambim 1511 ant Be ~ abon AIL 1~ ~ ~1 levels of An bed upon ~ ~ ~ ~m ~ - ~ Fat ~ ~ Kit rcl ~ IciII Us did as ~ ~ m ~ Me ad ~11s om of coal ~ 30 ~ after tie ha, and We A Icon is deft-d as which me ad fills om of coda ~ 5 ~ Par the ~ 'Dam, I, ~ en, ~ai~ ac tie Ott-of die the-Ward ~ Cager ~ ~ do ~CafL The Apes of Amp ~ ~and ~ pastor "d ~v agleam am _ hag~smd~LD~Fp~s~ of ~cd~ _ tubed-dies_- Ibex pew ~ ash ~ deaf ~ ~ here ~ bend ~ ~ ~ ED (m me form of ~ fin or e - - an) , hyd~nlie or hy~c saw "d bled bet airman The critical components on an aircraft are Bose componeDss whose kill result in Me loss of an essential fimcdo~L Esscadal functions are those fimcuons mogul to prevent an aid 1511.
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From page 119... ...
For many yew the aimah vulnerability communi~ has observed He results of live fire testing of compo nests, subsystems, and aircraft and has examined the combat data on damaged and killed ai~af' ~ order to define ~ of He kill modes associate with each of He airman subsystems. For example, Mete are Eve ~11 modes ass~ wad He feel subsystem.
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From page 120... ...
A vu~aa~ibr ~meSl' is brolly defined hoe die sync demon, delineation, test and e~ral~ion, analysis, orq~ificanon of the vuloasbility of the ind~idual critical component and of die total aid When as al is hit by one or more damage mechanisms Ed by Be dam weapon, the outcome of those hits is not determinishc; it Is random or s~a~c.'° For ex~lc, when 15 hagmcn~ from ~ pro~ty-fuzed high~~losi~c ~rarhcad pme~e Tic upper wall of an Aft's Bog fuel Ala the Epic veer inside die tank may explode, des~ymg the wmg and killing Tic ad or the orator may not by ~ sac is also reared to as the few ~c. HA d~icplocess has ar~blc outcome that c~bc~dic~d with Icy if all of Tic if pars "d govem~g he's sac ~ R~or~cp~es he~re~plc ore, any or of whim may os may Dot oar: on my ogle ~aL TABLE 1-2 List of Typical Nomedundant and Redundant Cridcal Components on a S=gle-Piloted.
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From page 121... ...
The set of come PA values for different masses and impea velocities is known ~ He Pa,, from A Pond metric used to q~r a component's vulnerabil i~ is As, the vulnerable area of the componcDt Component vulnerable area is defined ~ c presented Ma of He compo nent that, if hit, would cause a kill of die component and is equal to He product of the components Rented area Ap in the Mat approach Lion and its P'`h, i.e., As = A, Up,, ItOther my somber used for component ~b~ ~ Pa the pr~bili~ a compC is ~ ~ a hit, arcs ~cmov~, eden y, and buss l 1 Ihc metrics used to quantify me vulnerability of tic airman to a single random hit by a penetmor or a~fi'~1 warhead include Ply. the probability the away is killed given a random hit on the aid and An, the aims single hit vulne~lc archly The metric Ad to quantify the vuln~abilin~r of an ahead to tile proximity- and dme-fuzed B warheads on AAA projectiles and Sidled missiles is Plus, the probability the ad is killed given ~ external detonalion by a high+XPIOSiVe Warh-C1 The PI S a function Of the 10CaiiOn Of the detODaDOn point USA respect to the aircraft.
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From page 122... ...
Vulnerability to a Single Hit by a Penetrator or Fragment. All of the vulnerability assessment programs contain an assumption ~ to how the itemize mechanic; as~iamd wad the weapon proceed through the Cam The COVART methodology resumes that the penetrator or fragment from any selected diamond is equally likely to impact He aiIcraR at any lion and that it propagates along a sage lme, lmown as a shoddy, Hugh the abaft slo~gdown and possibly Hang up tic itpene~s the venous camponems.
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From page 123... ...
COVART composes Me vulnerable area of each Critical component and the aberaft's single hit ~ neable area, as well as the probability We aid is killed by a random hit For componem vu~emble areas, each Ad cell containing a sho~ne that Insets a component has a vulnerable area equal to the product of Be presented area of the cell Andre P`,,, fought shore Rough the component The total vul~eshle area of the component is the sum of the vulnerable areas of those cans wide shotlines ~ int=sect Me component For the aberah vulnerable arm An, ~ Ed cell shown in Fanfare 1-2 contributes a ~rulne~abk area equal to the Product of the preset area of He cell and the probability the aircraft is killed by a hit along Arc shotline in Cat ccll.l' Lee total al vulnerable area is equal to the stun of the vu~asble areas of each of Arc cells. Consequently, r~dant compose-, if sepma~ that bow are not ink by one shoreline' do not contnbum to the aids single hit vulnerable area for that shodinc.'9 Ihc P'c,ff for the airman is equal to the A., of the airman divided by As, He aiders presented area from die sclec~d di~om armed.
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From page 124... ...
is killed Ben a bit wow each and cell and the probabiligr the aimaff is killed gnrcn a random hit P - . The assessment results for the single hit by the con~-fi:zed high~xplosi~re warhead colt of the aid vulnerable Sea A, Ad Tic probability of ~ gird a random hit on the aircraft PA- Ins results of an agent for the cx~nally dog warhead consist of the probabiliffy of kill of do critical components inte~l by the hagment shotlines Tom He warhead detonation, Tic prob~li~
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From page 125... ...
Cur Sun~* on Methods in Military Systems Vulnerability Assessment, Ballistic Research l~boratory, Ab~n proving Gm~md*
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