Learning to Predict Climate Variations Associated with El Nino and the Southern Oscillation Accomplishments and Legacies of the TOGA Program (1996) / Chapter Skim
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The United States cooperated with the international community, as part of the World Climate Research Programme, to achieve these objectives. This document examines the extent to which the TOGA Program succeeded in meeting these objectives and the role of U.S.
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Tension developed during the second half of TOGA between research motivated by the ideal of operational prediction and actual operational prediction efforts. Incipient applications of climate predictions were initiated under TOGA and a prototype International Research Institute for Climate Prediction was designed.
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Internationally, the program was administered by the International TOGA Project Office, advised by the TOGA Scientific Steering Group, and resources were gathered by the Intergovernmental TOGA Board. These management arrangements grew organically, according to the needs of the program, and were largely responsible for its smooth functioning.
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TOGA concentrated on only the strongest climate variation on seasonal-tointerannual time scales, ENSO, an-d concentrated on ENSO only in a limited geographic region where the signal is strongest, the tropical Pacific. Much research is still required to develop skill for predicting short-term climate variations caused by other processes or in other places.
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