Nutritional Needs in Cold and High-Altitude Environments Applications for Military Personnel in Field Operations (1996) / Chapter Skim
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12 Cold Exposure, Appetite, and Energy Balance
12 Cold Exposure, Appetite, and Energy Balance
Pages 203-214
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From page 203... ...
National Academy Press _ _ Cold Exposure, Appetite, and Energy Balance Jacques A LeBlanc INTRODUCTION When energy intake is the same as the energy expenditure, body weight remains constant in spite of continuous body energy reserve turnover (Figure 12-1~.
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. COMPONENTS OF ENERGY EXPENDITURE IN THE COLD Basal Metabolic Rate When the total energy expenditure for a typical subject is 2,750 kcal/d, approximately 60 percent of this total energy is due to basal metabolic rate (BMR)
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In contrast, carbohydrates, by supplying energy that is quickly absorbed and readily available for various body activities, would be most useful at the beginning and middle of the day. Fat as a source of utilizable energy would be useful only in situations where there is a calorie deficit.
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Results showed that, in spite of the fact that the rate of walking declined steadily, a gradual elevation of heart rate took place up to mile 13. After that, heart rate fell gradually and reached initial values by the end of the expedition (Figure 12-3~.
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Thus, for given activities, the TEE in arctic regions is probably the same if not lower than that in temperate zones. MEASUREMENTS OF CALORIE INTAKE ON ARCTIC EXPEDITIONS The caloric content of military arctic rations is based on measurements of food intake during various expeditions.
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FIGURE 12-4 Energy intake reports in various arctic expeditions. For each study the method used for food consumption measurements and Me level of activity are indicated.
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The authors concluded that the use of questionnaires to estimate food intake is often unreliable and that it led in this specific study to underestimation of real values. ~ : ^1~ _ ~ _ 1 1 1~ APPETITE AND BODY WEIGHT GAIN IN ARCTIC EXPEDITIONS In the six studies mentioned in Figure 12-5, body weight was taken before and after the subjects had stayed in arctic or antarctic regions for periods of 3 to 12 months.
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This difference is explained by the fact that in 1970 these youngsters were fed the traditional Eskimo diet characterized by high protein and fat content and the absence of carbohydrates, whereas in 1990 they ate typical modern western food such as sweets, popcorn, chocolate bars, ice cream, and soft drinks. It is a good example of what a "cafeteria" diet can do to humans.
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_ · _ v ~ — · —— ~ ~ ~ _ A ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ & 1~ 1 1 1 ~ ! ~ Physical Activity Changes in physical activity habits may also be related to the excess energy intake reported in cold regions.
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The reciprocal situation is observed when sedentary people engage in regular physical activities. At first a rather accelerated weight loss is often described, which may be due to the fact that energy intake increases immediately to meet the new requirements.
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1951 Notes on the food rations of the Macquarie Island Antarctic Expedition. Report no.
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Bondinin, and W.H. Dietz 1990 Inaccuracies of self-reported intake identified by comparison with the doubly labeled water method.
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