Review and Evaluation of Alternative Chemical Disposal Technologies (1996) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
Pages 189-254
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 189... ...
(Informal results presented to the AltTech panel, April 1996) Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland: Edgewood Arsenal.
|
From page 190... ...
1996. Meeting of the Maryland Citizens Advisory Comrn~ssion with the NRC Panel on Review and Evaluation of Alternative Chemical Disposal Technologies, March 15, 1996, Chestertown, Maryland.
|
From page 191... ...
National Research Council. Committee on the Review and Evaluation of the Army Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program.
|
From page 192... ...
[undated white paper summarizing public sessions from January 25-27, 1966. Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland: Office of the Product Manager for Alternative Technologies and Approaches.
|
From page 193... ...
Appendices
|
From page 195... ...
at Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, and nerve agent VX at the Newport Chemical Activity at Newport, TN. The two alternative technologies are stand-alone chemical neutraTization and neutralization followed by biodegradation.
|
From page 196... ...
9. The Army will be conducting a survey to determine if there are any technologies other than the two already being evaluated by the Army as part of the Alternative Technology Program which are capable, within the Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program (CSDP)
|
From page 197... ...
11. On written request, firms will be provided with information on: the baseline incineration system; the chemical stockpile disposal program schedule; and the current program for developing neutralization and neutralization followed by biodegradation.
|
From page 198... ...
................... Letters to Maryland Citizens Advisory Commission (CAC)
|
From page 199... ...
In August through October, 1995, the Army conducted an evaluation of chemical destruction processes that resulted in the selection of three technologies, plus the Army's two neutralization technologies, to be evaluated by the NRC. A Panel on Review and Evaluation of Alternative Chemical Disposal Technologies, called the AltTech Panel, was formed by the NRC.
|
From page 200... ...
A Panel on Review and Evaluation of Alternative Chemical Disposal Technologies, called the AltTech Panel, was formed by the NRC. The AltTech panel will provide a report to the Army in August, 1996 that will make recommendations on whether any of the five technologies is suitable for pilot plant demonstration.
|
From page 201... ...
Welcome and introduce two new members; complete administrative matters; complete composition and balance discussion; discuss and develop prototype criteria checklist; develop and approve report concept; organize pane! into technology assessment teams; receive briefings from applicable Army officials on alternative technology selection process; receive briefings from technology proponent company finalists; and discuss future meetings/vendor visits.
|
From page 202... ...
Receive presentations data from technology proponent company for gas-phase reduction technology and perform site tour. EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES Site Visit: April S-9, 1996, Edgewood, Maryland Participants.
|
From page 203... ...
Beaudet. NRC staff members: Bruce Braun, Michael Clarke, and Deborah Randall.
|
From page 204... ...
MAR ~ This letter confirms the conversation of March 7, 1996 that the National Research Council (NRC) may consider, as part of its study on the review and evaluation of alternative chemical disposal technologies, off-site shipping options of treated agent residuals to appropriately permitted disposal facilities.
|
From page 205... ...
Approximately 176 kg~mols of water will be carried from the anode compartment to the cathode compartment by electrical diffusion of hydrated hydrogen ions. The total of these water losses, more than 251 kg~mols, should be compared to the initial water content ofthe anode compartment of 2.5 m3 or 139 kg~mols.
|
From page 206... ...
206 EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES TABLE E-1 Elemental Breakdown of Mass Balances for VX Destruction Metric Tons Input Total C H S N P O Na VX 2 0.99 0.19 0.24 0.1 0.23 0.24 HNO3 0.7 0.01 0.16 0.53 H2O 0.3 0.03 0.27 H2O2 1.9 0.11 1.78 H2O 3.6 0.4 3.2 NaOH 1.8 0.05 0.72 1.04 H2O 0.1 0.01 0.09 O2 49 4.9 N2 05 0.5 Total In 15.8 1.0 0.8 0.2 0.8 0.2 11.7 1.0 Output Total C H S N P O Na CO2 3.8 1.04 2.76 O2 0.1 0.1 N2 05 0.5 NOX 0.004 HNO3 1.12 0.02 0.25 0.85 H2O 3.9 0.43 3.47 H2O 3.6 0.42 3.2 NaNO3 0.6 0.1 0.34 Na2SO4 1.07 0.24 0.48 Na3PO4 1.23 0.23 0.48 0.16 0.35 0.52 Total Out 15.9 1.0 0.9 0.2 0.9 0.2 11.7 1.0
|
From page 207... ...
APPENDIX E 207 TABLE E-2 Elemental Breakdown of Mass Balances for HD Destruction Metric Tons Inputs Total C H S Cl N O Na HD (mustard) 2 0.6 0.1 0.4 0.89 HNO3 0.4 0.01 0.09 0.3 H2O 0.2 0.02 0.18 H2O2 1.1 0.06 1.04 H2O 2 0.22 1.78 NaOH 2 0.05 0.8 H2O 0.1 0.01 0.09 O2 2.8 2.8 N2 03 0.3 1.15 Total In 10.9 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.9 0.4 7.0 1.2 Outputs Total C H S Cl N O Na CO2 2.2 0.6 1.6 O2 0.1 0.1 N2 03 0.3 NOX 0.002 HNO3 0.63 0.01 0.14 0.48 H2O 2.2 0.24 1.96 Na2SO4 1.8 0.4 0.81 NaCl 1.5 0.9 H2O 2.2 0.24 1.96 0.58 0.59 Total Out 10.9 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.9 0.4 6.9 1.2
|
From page 208... ...
In this appendix, the AltTech Panel has used thermodynamic data to examine likely chemical reactions and reaction products that will result from processing agent. Data on free energy of formation were used for these calculations.
|
From page 209... ...
APPENDIX F Reaction with carbon from a decomposing hydrocarbon p + 2H2O = PO2 + 2H2 could be faster, however, and significant CO would be K1100K= 0.0016 expected. K298 K = 2 X 1 0-25 Much of the CO produced would react via the water gas shift reaction to form CO2 CO+H2O=CO2+H2 K11OOK=0988 The rate for this reaction is high enough to approach equilibrium.
|
From page 210... ...
Some product gas from the product gas blower might also be recycled directly back to the reactor, bypassing the catalytic reformer. The largest gas stream is the reformer gas, which constitutes approximately 85 percent of the total TABLE F-1 Material Flows to and from GPCR Reactor EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES gram-mole of feed.
|
From page 211... ...
. The product gas from the reactor is quenched with water to produce an HC} solution of moderate concentration together with suspended carbon.
|
From page 212... ...
1984. Perry's Chemical Engineers Handbook.
|
From page 213... ...
Input streams are numbered from 1; output streams are numbered from 100. The diagrams and the mass balance data are derived either from the April 4, 1996, design package submitted by the Arrny Alternative Technology Program or from more recent data.
|
From page 214... ...
Air ~ ~ ~< Air ; r Chemicals 0_~3> ~ _ _ FIGURE G- 1 HD neutralization, configuration 1. Neutralization followed by on-site biodegradation, including water recycling and photochemical oxidation of VOCs.
|
From page 215... ...
APPENDIX G 215 , Waste Carbon 1 \/ _ A ~ _ ~ ~ ~ To Existing Carbon Filter Carbon Filter i' CHW:; ~ Waste - - - - - - - - ~ - - - ~ Vent to Atmosphere IT Carbon Filter . ,1 1 Key Main Process -- -- -- - Gas - Slurry/Solid - Toxics Control Area Boundary -- - Recycle Water Peroxi de and NaOH ~Cooling C 13 ~Tower ~ ~Blow-down ~1 ~ -'A E ~ ~ cow ' { L-L> .
|
From page 218... ...
218 $,fw5.
|
From page 220... ...
Air/\ ~Water 7 ~Feed \/ Tank Chemicals L _ _ FIGURE G-2 HD neutralization, configuration 2. Neutralization followed by on-site biodegradation.
|
From page 221... ...
APPENDIX G 221 -waste Carbon 1 ~ = ~~~~<3 ~-To Existing Carbon Filter Carbon Filter ^~ ST CHW~ _ =_^ I CHWS Steam VOC Stripper f~ I Tank U is{ _ } 1 UV-Oxidation 1 ~~ cWaarsbtOen ~ <> ~ ~ } - - - ~ Vent to Atmosphere Carbon Filter Key - Main Process Gas Slurry/Solid Toxics Control Area Boundary - Recycle Water A Peroxide (~ 11 3 and ~NaOH ~ _ _ __: 1 . 1 1 ~ _ ; _~ ~ '~- Plant Water i1 ~ Discharge FOTW , d A Conditioning Emil Filter Pless <3 Fiiter Press Cake
|
From page 224... ...
Outputs Process Conditions Total flow, kg/1,000 kg 1,651 271,339972 487,947 161,915 Pressure,psig -5 000 00 Temperature, OF 7070 110 10090 94 Physical state, solid(S) , SS G SG SL liquid (L)
|
From page 225... ...
APPENDIX G TABLE G-4 Continued 225 Ton Container Cleanout Biodegradation Sand and Neutralization Process Filtration Stream Number (see figures) 100 101 104 112 105 106 113 108 Description Ton Container Valves, Vent Activated Vent Biomass Activated EffluentTotal Bodies Plugs, etc.
|
From page 226... ...
SC~ A~ SC: Hydrolysate FIGURE G-3 HD neutralization, configuration 3. Neutralization followed by on-site biodegradation.
|
From page 227... ...
APPENDIX G 227 ,) ~ CH\ ~ ~ `__4 I CHWS Steam VOC Stripper ~1 I Waste Carbon _ _~_ _ ~ _ _ Carbon Filter - - To Existina Carbon Filter .~_ ~ _ __ ~ST ~ Carbon Filter r ._.
|
From page 228... ...
228 1 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ 'I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 'it -~-~-~-~ ...
|
From page 230... ...
230 ~ ° 1 - ° _, ~ o o o ct o ~ 3 Cal Cat Ct _ _ 6 _ o _ ~ o C)
|
From page 232... ...
Neutralization followed by off-site biodegradation of hydrolysate at a TSDF. VOCs remain in the hydrolysate.
|
From page 233... ...
APPENDIX G i: SC ~: 1 1 -~ -- -- <3 Carbon Filter 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Hydrolysate ~CW 233 Waste Carbon -- Alto Existing Carbon Filter Key Main Process - -- Gas - - Toxics Control Area Boundary Waste Tank L A To TSDF _, "~4 ~_
|
From page 234... ...
Total Water Air Steam Inputs Process Conditions Total flow, kg/1,000 kg1,0201,00227,3041,648 227 31,201 Pressure, psig 156080 125 Temperature, OF707047100 351 Physical state, solid (S)
|
From page 235... ...
Gas to TSDF Carbon Outputs Process Conditions Total flow, kg/1,000 kg 1,651 29,468 2 31,121 Pressure,psig -5 20 0 Temperature, OF 70 70 110 120 Physical state, solid (S) , S liquid (L)
|
From page 236... ...
Input streams are numbered from 1; output streams are numbered from 100. The process diagram and the mass balance data are derived either from the April 4, 1996, design package submitted by the Army Alternative Technology Program or from more recent data.
|
From page 237... ...
O-ethylmethylphosphonate, kgll,000 kg 1,2-bis(ethyl methylphosphono thiolo) ethane, kg/1,000 kg Unknowns, kg/1,000 kg 17 2 1 2 10 9 2 1 10 2 3 6 7 Ton Containers, nodl000 kg 1.521.52 TC Valves, nod1000 kg 3.063.06 TC Plugs, nodl000 kg 9.199.19 TC Cuttings (3 Ib/TC 0 estimated)
|
From page 238... ...
. , _, 1 l EVALUATION OFALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES <3~TC Body ~TC Valves, etc.
|
From page 239... ...
APPENDIX H 3 Waste Carbon -- -- -~ -- -- -~ To Facility Carbon Filter Carbon Filter \/ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Hydrolysate Tank 1 ~ g: ri -- 1 1 _~ Tank 239 Key 1 Main Process Gas Toxics Control Area Boundary I Waste | I Treatment I ,
|
From page 240... ...
or 14 14 Diisopropylurea, kg/1,000 kg Sodium methylphosphinate, 1 1 kg/1,000 kg EMPSA, Na salt, kg/1,000 kg 5 5 Methyl phosphonothioates, 10 10 as salts, kg/1,000 kg Other methylphosphonates, 2 2 as salts, kg/1,000 kg Disulfide, kg/1,000 kg 11 11 Trisulfide, kg/1,000 kg 16 16 Other sulfides and amines, 18 18 kg/1,000 kg TC, no./1000 kg1.52 1.52 TC Valves, no./1000 kg 3.06 3.06 TC Plugs, nod1000 kg 9.19 9.19 TC Cuttings (3 Ib/TC 2.08 2.08 estimated, kg/1,000 kg Activated Carbon (estimated)
|
From page 241... ...
He recently served as a member of the NRC Committee on Alternative Chemical Demilitarization Technologies and is currently a member of the NRC Committee on Review and Evaluation of the Army Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program (Stockpile Committee)
|
From page 242... ...
He is a member of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers. He recently served as a member of the NRC Committee on Alternative Chemical Demilitarization Technologies and is currently a member of the NRC Committee on Review and Evaluation of the Army Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program (Stockpile Committee)
|
From page 243... ...
He is a past member of the NRC Board on Chemical Science and Technology and has played an active role in NRC and National Science Foundation 243 activities. He is currently a member of the NRC Committee on Review and Evaluation of the Army Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program (Stockpile Committee)
|
From page 244... ...
His work has included research and development technology, industrial waste applications, and EVALUATION OFALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES environmental restoration for DOE. At Los Alamos he has studied supercritical fluids, oxidation, and organic transformations.
|
From page 245... ...
and the Army's Alternative Technology Program, which was 245 treated as the proponent for the neutralization technologies. This appendix includes samples of the cover memo sent to the TPCs and the memo sent to the Army, as well as the questionnaire.
|
From page 246... ...
I make no assertion that the list is all-inclusive, that there are no redundancies, or that some of the information is included in your submissions; only that these represent the body of data sought. The assessment teams are free to range over a wide spectrum of pertinent subjects, but, clearly, if they receive clear and concise answers to this list, they will have achieved most of their data gathering goals.
|
From page 247... ...
The assessment team is free to range over a wide spectrum of pertinent subjects, but, clearly, if it receives clear and concise answers to this list, it will have achieved most of its data gathering goals. In preparing an agenda for this visit, please allow adequate time for this purpose, even if it is at the expense of other important activities such as tours or technology briefings.
|
From page 248... ...
1.2 Process Operation For agent detoxification: EVALUATION OFALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES composition (major components, unreacted reactants, organic reaction products, inorganic reaction products) for each process effluent (e.g.
|
From page 249... ...
2.2 Environmental Chemistry What are the nominal chemical environments, temperatures, pressures, residual stresses, and 2.6 Previous Experience flow rates in each of the pipes and components? What are the exterior environments for the pip ing and components, i.e., the environments on the side opposite the process side?
|
From page 250... ...
. EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES strafed/employed?
|
From page 251... ...
Risk of exposing plant workers to agent: . What are the possible modes of exposure of workers to agent over the duration of the disposal program?
|
From page 252... ...
· What emergency preparedness and emergency response measures can be taken to mitigate ad verse effects? EVALUATION OFALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES Accident risk assessment: .
|
From page 253... ...
3. What are the primary restrictions on quantity, composition and toxicity for atmospheric emissions from a chemical agent destruction process (combustion and non-combustion emissions)
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.