Biodiversity Conservation in Transboundary Protected Areas (1996) / Chapter Skim
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1 General Issues of Conservation of Protected Areas
1 General Issues of Conservation of Protected Areas
Pages 13-54
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Where the first two approaches are concemed, one of the central issues in the maintenance of biological diversity is the relative importance for diversity of different areas, taxa, or ecosystems. However, this importance can be assessed in different, if related, ways.
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Far rarer are works treating biodiversity at the level of the landscape or region (Baker 1990~. The aim of this article is to present some of the relationships between aspects of diversity at different landscape levels and to highlight some of the misunderstandings and difficulties in interpretation which are connected with these approaches.
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They may therefore be referred to as a group of analytical components ofthe overall diversity ofthe landscape (Solon 1995~. There are two main factors which influence different aspects of vegetational diversity at the landscape level at the local scale.
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The relative contribution of these two kinds of pattern to overall landscape diversity is variable (Baker 1989, Solon 1990~. The different aspects of the biological diversity of vegetation in the landscape are to a significant extent independent of one another and are clearly not additive.
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X axis - 0.1 x (number of houses) ; Y axis - actual vegetation diversity according to modiefied Shannon's formula 10 x [1 - H(E)
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. The type of habitat and the degree of anthropogenic deformation were found to have a significant influence on the mean sizes of patches of plant communities (correlation coefficient 0.43~.
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A separate issue is the independence of changes in biological diversity under the influence of anthropogenic activity taking place at various levels of organization. For example, drainage work carried out at the beginning of the 1 960s led to changes in land use in the Nida Valley around Pinczow.
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. It would therefore seem that the current state of knowledge makes it difficult to anticipate the quantitative character of topological changes in components of diversity under the influence of changes in anthropogenic activity.
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Gliwicz J 1992, Roznorodnosc Biologiczna: Nowa Koncepcja Ochrony Przyrody (Biological Diversity: A New Concept of Nature Conservation)
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of the First Symposium of the Canadian Society for Landscape Ecology and Management: 111-120, Polyscience Publications Inc. Whittaker R.H.
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An understanding and recognition of basic ecological principles in project design are essential if there is to be any hope of restoring disturbed ecosystems. Not surprisingly, most restoration projects have demonstrated the limited extent of our understanding of ecosystem processes.
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PROJECT DEVELOPMENT Goal setting Restoration projects can be loosely divided into a number of different stages, although there is clearly a great deal of overlap (Fig.
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Restoration Ecology: Some New Perspectives GOAL SETTING ecological human PLANNING Implementation monitoring IMPLEMENTATION pilot study multiple stages 1 MONITORING spatial and temporal scale deatail of assessment MAINTENANCE ) FIGURE 1 Stages in Restoration.
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Although restoration to predisturbance condition is the most desirable endpoint for conservation of biodiversity, due to ecological and financial constraints, the goal of most large-scale restoration projects, especially in highly disturbed areas, is to restore certain structural or functional components of the predisturbance ecosystem. More often emphasis is on restoring certain functional characteristics.
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Most restoration projects consist of a single or a few closely spaced treatments.
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(SOURCE: NRC 19929. ever, a basic understanding of ecological succession would suggest that a longer term management plan is a more realistic approach.
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Traditionally, the success of restoration projects has been monitored using only a few criteria, over small spatial scales, and for a short period of time (Fig.
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The failure of many groups involved in restoration to make their results widely available to others in the field has handicapped restoration ecology in general, and mistakes are therefore needlessly repeated. EDUCATION Education and community involvement are essential components of all stages of any restoration project for a number of reasons.
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Finally, restoration projects provide excellent models for educating students at all levels and the general public about both ecosystem functioning and interdisciplinary decision-making. For example, high school students have been intimately involved in the landfill restoration project discussed previously.
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The growing number of restoration projects initiated in the past few years will serve to farther our understanding of ecosystem processes and provide valuable models for interdisciplinary decision-mak~ng. If we act quickly, restoration of degraded ecosystems in combination with lifestyle changes provides an opportunity to improve the state of the global environment.
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1988. Ecological Restoration as a Strategy for Conserving Biological Diversity.
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By preserving the integrity of the biological resource of plant and animal species, protected areas are essential for the current and future replenishment of surrounding abandoned and degraded areas. Ecological restoration has in recent years become a serious science which is now being applied in a number of countries to restore once wild lands.
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Among other forms of protected areas are the National Parks, Wilderness Areas, Biosphere Reserves, certain forms of scientific reserves such as Botanical Areas, Genetic Management Areas, and Biodiversity Management Areas, Protected Landscapes and Multiple Use Management Areas. The protection of the
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There are, of course, some exceptions to this statement. There are some National Parks that in fact have identified the preservation of the biological resource as a high priority.
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For National Parks and related multi-purpose areas for which biological protection is often secondary to other uses, such as recreation, the ideal system would be to have an area large enough to maintain the largest animal or the seasonal territories and migration routes of the largest local herbivores. In theory such a size most likely will conserve most of the ecological components and still provide an array of other uses if properly managed.
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Plans are needed to control the introduction of exotics plants and animals, which decreases natural species and genetic diversity. Management plans are often needed to restore, through ecological restoration, damaged or incomplete elements of the ecosystem.
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1979. Biosphere Reserves-Strategies for Conservation and Management of Forest Gene Pool Resources, pp.
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" Unknown Since streams and rivers integrate processes occurring in the terrestrial and atmospheric environment, their consideration is integral to biodiversity conservation at a landscape level. Streams and associated riparian forests provide crucial habitat for a diversity of terrestrial species, and their protection is key to maintaining regional biodiversity (Neiman et al.
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Streams as Integrators of Ecological Properties and Socito-Economic Processes in the Landscape Opportunities for sustaining humans and their environmental systems can be enhanced by examining how socio-economic/ecological processes are integrated at the landscape level (Lee et al.
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Increased Dying of the central region of Poland is also associated with high degrees of deforestation, particularly in those area where forest cover is below 15% (Ryszkowski 1990~. It has been noted that water quality problems in Poland resemble those that were familiar to the United States over two decades ago, before the U.S.
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Szaro (1996, this volume) , for example, relates the historical progression of national conservation strategies in the United States.
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How can Central and Eastern European countries in transition benefit from emerging western conservation strategies? Projects such as the Green Lungs of Poland (GLP)
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Journal ofthe North American Benthological Society 12: 215-218.
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1993a. The Role of Aquatic Science in Freshwater Conservation: Cooperation between the North American Benthological Society and Organizations for Conservation and Resource Management.
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have now fulfilled their historic mission and have exhausted the possible future options in nature conservancy as a result of various barriers to their development. It is only in the last ten years or so that people have started to realize that natural ecosystems protected in National Parks are reduced to small islands isolated in an environment altered by man (Harris 1984, Verner et al.
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Unfortunately, such truths are often forgotten by enthusiasts of new or extended National Parks, who in effect aim at creating fictional systems of nature conservancy that exist only on paper. It is therefore important that the principles of Biosphere Reserves should be clearly explained in non-technical terms to local inhabitants, who are often against the very idea of nature conservancy due to a mistaken association of biospheres with the system of restrictions and prohibitions typical of national parks.
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, research topics and tile structure of management in most Biosphere Reserves do not differ fundamentally from those in National Parks. The reason is simply that as many as 107 (61%)
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The majority of society is under-informed, associating biosphere reserves with structures protecting valuable natural areas, but at the same time regarding them as areas with more restrictions Ran National Parks. In countries where the name "Biosphere Reserves" has been translated badly, many local people even associate them win the Indian Reservations in North America.
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It is necessary to review the administration of Biosphere Reserves in accordance with the basic rule that every biosphere reserve has to carry out scientific and training projects oriented not only to nature conservation but also recognizing the needs of local people regarding the achievement of a sustainable economy. A serious problem for the effective operation of a Biosphere Reserve is the proper selection of its managerial staff.
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1994. The International Biosphere Reserve "Eastern Carpathians" -The Chance or the Threat for Bieszczady Mountains.
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