Biodiversity Conservation in Transboundary Protected Areas (1996) / Chapter Skim
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4 Wildlife and Tourist Management in Transboundary Protected Areas
4 Wildlife and Tourist Management in Transboundary Protected Areas
Pages 165-218
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From page 167... ...
A furler aim is to define the main threats to this unique forest and suggest measures to improve its current status. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND The Bialowieza Forest was a royal hunting ground of Polish kings and was strictly protected until the end of the 18th cen - .
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From page 168... ...
. SOURCES OF DATA Data on species structure and age of tree stands for the Bialowieza Forest were obtained from three sources.
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From page 169... ...
In both the Belarusian part and in the Bialowieza National Park there is the same proportion of tree stands (25%) in which alder, aspen, birch, and ash predominate(Fig.
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From page 171... ...
Q .CtS tn ~ E _= 0 0)
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From page 172... ...
3~. Red deer and wild boar are dominant species there, but their density is on average six times lower than in Bialowieza National Park.
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From page 173... ...
zuJ1kipu!
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From page 174... ...
Red deer, roe deer, and wild boar are harvested under an annual harvest plan, and the harvest is at a similar level as in the 1970s (Table 1~. The level of harvest there was comparable to the harvest in the Polish part up to the late 1980s (Table 1)
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From page 175... ...
? 1|~ .~ 1..e I protection I I I I I I,, ', I,,,, 1 I I ' I I -r-i-~ T 1945 50 s5 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 Belarusian part of Biatowieza Forest o- l 194S '50 .J9L~Il~llllI 55 60 65 70 75 estimated population numbers | yearly harvest of wolves 80 as 90 FIGURE 4 Estimated Population Size and Yearly Harvest of Wolves in the Polish and Belarusian Part of Bialowieza Forest in 1948-93
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From page 176... ...
l' ~ , ~ . a, I 1 1 ~ oroteciion ~r - 1945 '50 ~55 960 965 ~70 ~75 ~80 $85 ~90 estimated population numbers | yearly harvest of lynx FIGURE 5 Estimated Population Size and Yearly Harvest of Lynx in the Polish and Belarusian Part of Bialowieza Forest in 1948-93.
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From page 177... ...
. European bison should be considered a priority species in Me ungulate community of Bialowieza Forest.
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From page 178... ...
. The longest and most thorough study involved red deer and considered He following population parameters: · sex and age structure (Bobek and Kosobucka 1985, Godawa 1989~; · recruitment rate (Kadziela 1984~; · mortality factors, including hunting (Okayed 1984, Perzanowski 1992~; · spatial distribution (Bobek et al.
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From page 179... ...
The spatial distribution of the red deer population in Bieszczady (which has been studied with traditional methods, but soon it is hoped with radiotelemetry) undergoes considerable seasonal changes.
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From page 180... ...
At present, game management remains the most profitable element of forest management within the area of the Biosphere Reserve, and the future development of ecotourism is likely to allow the famous antlers of Bieszczady stags to bring even more income to the region.
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From page 181... ...
The old questions regarding We influence of wolves on a deer population were answered by a study of the condition, sex, and age of wolf kills, as were suspicions about We
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From page 182... ...
This can be achieved if forest management measures are oriented towards improving the habitat for wildlife rather than increasing maximal TABLE 2 Damages Done by Bears to Livestock and Beehives In the Bieszczady Mountains in the Period 1988-92 (Kwiatkowski 1993) Year1988 1 Item Bee-hives16 90 (: attic11 20 Sheep79 92 Other 1989 1990 1991 1992 11 79 138 15 29 69 3 2 7 56 27 4
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From page 183... ...
1991. Analysis of Forest Habitats for Succesful Roe and Red Deer Management in Central Europe.
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From page 184... ...
1992d. The Influence of Snow Cover on the Patterns of Selection within Red Deer Population by Wolves in Bieszczady Mountains, Poland.
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From page 185... ...
1984. The Physical Condition of Red Deer Falling Prey to the Wolf and Lynx and Harvested in the Carpathian Mountains.
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From page 186... ...
Lack of hunting, the loss of major predators at primeval densities (often they were deliberately extirpated) , ill-advised feeding programs that can artificially inflate carrying capacity, and refuging of individuals from altered landscapes or human activities outside a protected area can exacerbate problems associated with high density.
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From page 187... ...
The overview that follows permits a general comparison to red deer management in transboundary protected areas of Central Europe, particularly the comparison of unfed and fed ungulate populations and their subsequent impact on biological diversity. STUDY AREA Olympic National Park encompasses 3,600 sq km of pristine old-growth coniferous temperate rainforest in the center of He Olympic Peninsula, Washington, in the extreme northwestern corner of the United States.
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From page 188... ...
HISTORY OF ELK IN OLYMPIC NATIONAL PARK The 3,600 sq km at the center of the Olympic Peninsula was set aside as a national monument under the initial jurisdiction of the U.S. Forest Service, primarily to protect populations of Roosevelt elk, which were decreasing at an alarming rate due to unregulated market hunting at the turn of the century (Moorhead 19949.
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From page 189... ...
Interestingly, these were exactly the conditions that have prompted wildlife managers to begin feeding programs elsewhere in the United States, perhaps the most notable being the Jackson lIole elk herd in Wyoming, a population that is still fed in winter today largely because of socio-political rather than resource considerations (Boyce 1989, Smith and Robbins 1994~. Feeding programs were never undertaken in Olympic National Park, perhaps because the very low-density human population in the area did not cause much public outcry over winter die-offs.
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From page 190... ...
commun.) as a result of red deer and wisant herbivory.
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From page 191... ...
Clearly, herbivores can have an impact on the biological diversity of localized areas in which Hey occur, and the nature of that impact will vary depending on their densities. It seems plausible to conclude that if a feeding program had been established in Olympic National Park such that cervid densities were even higher, impacts to the flora would be even greater than those described above.
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From page 192... ...
1954. Special Report on the Roosevelt Elk of Olympic National Park.
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From page 193... ...
Unpublished report, Olympic National Park, Port Angeles, Washington, USA. Wright, R
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From page 194... ...
Currently, traffic at the Polish border crossings is dominated by visitors from neighboring countries who tend not to be involved in tourism. However, it may be supposed that genuine tourists and 194
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From page 195... ...
: Protecting those areas in Poland's eastern border region that are most valuable from the standpoints of nature and landscape; Intensifying cooperation between Poland and her eastern neighbors in environmental protection and tourism; and Developing tourism in border areas, thus furnishing an opportunity for the voivodeships and gminas (provinces and civil parishes) of the "eastem wall" and the border regions of neighboring countries to emerge from economic stagnation.
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From page 196... ...
These areas can and should include currently-existing protected areas: national parks, landscape parks, nature reserves, zapovedniks and zakazniks (nature protection areas in the former USSR referred to as nature reserves) , as well as other areas which are environmentally valuable but not yet protected.
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From page 197... ...
The appropriate implementation of the protective aims of individual TOCh areas should be overseen by an international scientific board. Such boards should be composed of scientists from the neighboring countries who know the area and its problems very well, directors of smaller autonomous protected areas (e.g national parks, landscape parks and zapovedniks)
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From page 198... ...
Eight Cross-Border Protected Areas have been preliminarily designated and are shown on the map: Zalew Wislany (Vistula Lagoon) TOCh Located on the border between Poland and the Kaliningrad District of Russia, this area will include the Vistula Spit (of which the Polish part is at present a landscape park, while the Russian part is a nature reserve)
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From page 199... ...
. FIGURE 1 Transboundary Protected Areas on Poland's Eastern Border 'l!
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From page 200... ...
The natural and historical value of the Rom.tncka Forest can be compared to that assigned to the Bialowieza Forest, and the opening up of this area for sightseeing and exploration will certainly attract many tourists, especially from Germany. In turn, Suwalski Landscape Park and Vistytis Regional Park in Lithuania are areas of particularly valuable landscape with post-glacial landforms.
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From page 201... ...
On the Ukrainian side, the area would include Satsk National Park and adjacent areas, as well as the proposed Liubomelskij, Lukivskij, and Pribuzskij Landscape Parks and a fragment of the Bug River Valley forming flee national border. The proposed TOCh is an area of outstanding natural value, protecting the Polesie landscape with its marshes, lakes, forests and numerous sites for rare flora.
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From page 202... ...
The central part of the proposed TOCh was brought under protection in 1993 as East Carpathian International Biosphere Reserve. The Bieszczady Mountains and the Eastern Carpathians have long been exceptionally popular with tourists.
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From page 203... ...
? I suggest that we know much more about red deer and bear Can we know about humans in the preserves.
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From page 204... ...
They discovered that the central parking lot, which resembled the large parking lot in a shopping center, actually attracted people to the shops and stores. Often a visit to Crater Lake began with a stop at the store rather than a look at the lake.
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From page 205... ...
These data provided the basic information to establish a social carrying capacity on the river (Shelby and Heberlein, 1986~. Shelby also conducted a planned field experiment to determine the difference between an oar and motor experience on the river.
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From page 206... ...
206 Wildlife and Tourist Management in Transboundary Protected Areas documented and the causes and effects on the park be carefully measured. Another group that deserves scientific attention are the residents who live in or around the parks.
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From page 207... ...
just as he or she wants a healthy population of other plants and animals in parks. ECOTOURISM Ecotourism is a new concept that directly applies to many of the transboundary preserves in Central Europe.
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From page 208... ...
It envisions tourism as a means for local people to diversify their economies and improve their standard of living by developing locally-owned businesses to serve a growing ecotourism market. In partnership with local economic development, ecotourism aspires to preserve wild areas and local cultures.
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From page 209... ...
Wolff, Jeremy, 1994. "Poland's Bialowieza Forest, The Last Wilderness in Europe," Travel and Leisure, April, pp.
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From page 210... ...
In addition, it is also necessary to determine the direction and rate of the changes taking place and to propose protective measures. This paper represents an attempt at an empirical definition of the changes in selected characteristics of the geographical environment which are occurring in the Kasprowy Wierch area as a result of human activities.
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From page 211... ...
, and comparing these changes with those occurring naturally over time in the strict nature reserve; and Drawing practical conclusions and preparing guidelines for actions intended to provide proper protection for the area around Kasprowy Wierch. The research project includes the following tasks: · Production of a series of 1:2500-scale sketches and detailed 1:500-scale maps: .
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From page 212... ...
Studies carried out in this way will make it possible to: · Draw general conclusions about the direction, rate, and course of morphogenetic and pedogenic processes and changes in the relief and vegetation of natural or anthropogenically-transformed systems; Describe the relationships between various natural factors and to express these in the fond of correlative tables; and Formulate practical conclusions and proposals on the appropriate management of areas within national parks which attract such a high intensity of tourism in both summer and winter. The studies have a cognitive aspect in that they broaden knowledge of individual elements of the high mountains and the links between them, and they provide information on the natural and anthropogenic transformations which are occurring.
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From page 213... ...
On He basis of Hem it will be possible to draw conclusions on the state of preservation of, ~ar~sformations in, and Greats to an area of Tatra Mountains National Park that is one of the most important Dom the standpoint of nature conservation and touristic use. The results of He research may also find practical application in He possible creation of a spatial management plan to meet the needs of winter tourism in He Kasprowy Wierch area.
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From page 214... ...
It has been a mecca for mountaineers for nearly a century and is also famous for excellent skiing conditions, owing to both the natural configuration of the land and local skiing facilities. Tourist development in Zakopane began at the end of the 19th century, as part of an increasing interest in the Tatras generated by the Polish Tatra Society established in 1873.
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From page 215... ...
At that time, Zakopane was one of the best-equipped and most popular skiing centers in Europe. The cable car to the summit of Kasprowy Wierch was built in 1936, and the funicular railway on Gubalowka and the sledge lift on Kociol Gasienicowy in 1938.
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From page 216... ...
la, !
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From page 217... ...
Environmental protection laws enacted in 1991 strictly defined the role to be played by the national parks. It has been assumed that there will be a protective zone which will secure the Tatra Mountains from negative influences originating outside of the area.
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From page 218... ...
218 Wildlife and Tourist Management in Transboundary Protected Areas policy that will be satisfactory in protecting Me Tatra environment as well as in meeting the needs of inhabitants and tourists alike.
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