Premature Death in the New Independent States (1997) / Chapter Skim
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Cigarette Smoking and Priorities for Tobacco Control in the New Independent States
Cigarette Smoking and Priorities for Tobacco Control in the New Independent States
Pages 275-286
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From page 275... ...
CIGARETTE SMOKING IN THE NEW INDEPENDENT STATES This section reviews the extent of the tobacco epidemic in the NIS, the spread of Western tobacco products in the region, the health consequences of the epidemic, and the need for measures to curb the spread of the epidemic. The Extent of the Tobacco Epidemic Smoking prevalence among adult males in the NIS has been estimated to range from 27 percent in Turkmenistan to 67 percent in the Russian Federation, and among adult females from 1 percent in Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan to 20 percent in Estonia (Piha et al., 1993; Tkachenko and Ryazantsev,1993~.
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From page 276... ...
Spread of Western Tobacco Products Before the 1990s, Western tobacco products rarely appeared in the former Soviet market. They were practically unknown across the entire vast Soviet territory, except for big cities such as Moscow and Kiev and major seaports such as Odessa and Tallinn.
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From page 277... ...
Source: Report of the Ministry of Health and Medical Industry of Russia. Dukat Tobacco factory after the well-known 1989-1990 crisis in the Russian domestic tobacco industry resulted in severe tobacco shortages.
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Table 10-1 shows the tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide content of selected brands of cigarettes manufactured in the NIS. It is also important to consider that although the American and Western European cigarettes sold in the NIS carry the same brand names as those sold in the West, as a rule they do not meet Western standards in terms of the content of noxious substances.
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TABLE 10-2 Comparative Data on Tar, Nicotine, and Carbon Monoxide (CO) Yields (mg/cigarette)
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This is because most of the NIS countries have been isolated and virtually unexposed to Western-type advertising for decades; the exception is the Baltic states, which have had greater access to Western European cultures. Using medical terminology, these states have not been "immunized" against tobacco advertising; therefore, they are particularly sensitive to it.
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From page 281... ...
Promoting the establishment and development of voluntary organizations for tobacco control (Russia) Priorities suggested by experts representing other Central and Eastern European countries: · Passing tobacco legislation Imposing taxation and other economic measures on tobacco Creating tobacco control alliances and a national forum within each country for tobacco control Controlling smoking advertising and promotion Improving and standardizing data collection and indexes to monitor smoking prevalence and tobacco use Introducing surveys to monitor the economic consequences of tobacco use Developing an infrastructure and training for professionals to provide smoking cessation support to smokers Planning mass media anti-smoking campaigns for each region Raising awareness of involuntary smoking and promoting nonsmoking as the norm Strengthening the impact of health education programs through the media Increasing awareness of the role of mass media in reducing smoking Banning smokeless tobacco Holding a regional meeting of health ministers and members of parliament addressing chronic diseases caused by tobacco Introducing controls on vending machines aSuggested during the World Conference on Tobacco and Health, Paris, October 10-14, 1994.
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From page 282... ...
Top Priority: Raising Awareness The tobacco situation in the NIS today is similar to that in the United States preceding the release of the first Report of the Surgeon General in 1964. Cigarette smoking rates are high, smoking is socially acceptable throughout the countries of the region, and there is no serious governmental effort to reduce the smoking epidemic.
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The National Center for Preventive Medicine, Moscow, a foremost research institution in the area of behavioral risk factor control, has agreed to take the lead in completing the first Report on Tobacco and Health in Russia should financial support be forthcoming. It will also be important to invite internationally recognized experts in tobacco control to review the report before publication.
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School Health Education Early smoking prevention through the school health education system is an extremely important priority for the NIS, especially in light of the increase in tobacco advertising. Some of the NIS countries have gained experience in implementing school-based smoking control programs.
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At the same time, a counteradvertising mass media campaign and school smoking prevention curricula should be implemented to prevent further dramatic increases in smoking among young adults. Finally, given the scarce domestic resources of the NIS, success in these endeavors will require international financial assistance and tobacco control expertise.
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From page 286... ...
. 1994 The tobacco industry and Eastern Europe: International Trade Fair and Symposium, Moscow, 21-24 September 1993.
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