Premature Death in the New Independent States (1997) / Chapter Skim
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From page 381... ...
See also Young adult mortality tobacco use and controls, 25, 276, 280, 284-285, 289, 290-291, 293, 298-300, 302-303, 304-305, 307, 311-312 Age and body composition, 322-323, 326 heaping and exaggeration, 19-20, 124, 126-127, 138, 146, 154 and lung cancer, 265, 273-274 misstatement/misreporting, 37, 120-121, 124, 126, 144, 146, 191-192 and smoking, 207, 289, 348 working, 130, 132, 136, 142, 251 Age patterns of mortality. See also Child mortality; Infant mortality; Life tables; 381 Old-age mortality; individual countries and regions alcohol consumption and, 240, 245-254, 259, 260 anti-alcohol campaign and, 245, 246, 247 251 assessment methods, 68, 75- 100, 101 - 102, 106, 129-130 cancer, 15, 46, 52-53, 69, 80, 81, 82-87, 89,90,91, 102,255,259 cardiovascular diseases, 15, 46, 51-54, 66, 69, 80-91, 102, 103, 254, 255, 259, 260 by cause of death, 15, 46, 49-52, 53, 66-67, 69, 79-90, 203, 247-251, 253-254, 259 cluster analysis, 68, 75-100, 101-102, 106 digestive diseases, 46, 52-53, 81, 259 Eastern Europe, 13, 185 excess years of life lost, 203-204 European NIS, 3, 13, 79, 89, 102 Former Socialist Economies, 184-185, 193, 199, 203-204, 268 infectious diseases, 46, 49, 52-53, 80, 82 87, 89, 90, 255, 259 injury and poisoning, 15, 46, 51, 52-54, 66, 69, 80-87, 88, 89, 90, 98, 102, 203, 254, 255, 259, 260 international comparisons, 96-100, 103, 189, 210 and life expectancy estimates, 49-52, 53, 69, 89-90, 132, 134, 136, 137-138, 142, 143, 246
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policy instruments, 23-25 Alcohol consumption and abuse and accidents, 22, 23, 157, 202, 203, 226, 230, 257 anti-alcohol campaign and, 22, 222, 224225, 228-232, 240, 241-245, 257 availability of data, 236 benefits of moderate, 22-23 and cardiovascular disease, 22, 23, 227 chronic alcoholics/alcoholism, 229, 231, 256 collection and analysis of data, 220, 222223 drinking patterns, 22, 23, 27, 226, 241, 242 economic crisis and, 244-245 energy intake from, 318, 320, 331 estimation of, 257-258 ethnic differentials, 142, 225, 236 expenditures on, 320-321 and hypertension, 23 impacts of, 227-232 and injury rates, 22, 23 international comparisons, 22, 99 INDEX lethal levels, 237-238 and life expectancy at birth, 239, 240, 261 per capita, 22, 222-227, 229, 236, 242, 243-244, 249 perceptions and beliefs about, 221 productivity losses, 22, 23 quality of data, 22, 62, 220, 222-227, 228, 242-243 rural-urban differentials, 224 in Russia, 22, 222-227, 233, 241-245 samogon, 22, 221, 223-225, 226, 230, 232, 236, 238, 242, 243, 244, 257, 261, 320, 321 sex differentials, 22, 225, 237, 320, 321 sober movement, 241 state-produced beverages, 223, 224, 229, 243-244 surrogates and substitutes, 224, 232, 236 temporal trends, 56, 223, 224, 226, 239 243, 253 and violence, 22, 59-60, 62, 226, 228 vodka and other hard liquor, 22, 200, 207, 223, 226, 242, 244, 320 wine and beer, 223, 244, 320 Alcohol-related deaths age patterns of, 240, 245-254, 259, 260 anti-alcohol campaign and, 207, 245-247 cancer, 22, 248, 250, 259 cardiovascular diseases, 22-23, 59, 231, 240, 245, 249, 250, 251, 254, 259, 260 by causes of death, 240, 248-251, 259 chronic alcoholism, 227, 228 cirrhosis, 22, 56, 59, 200, 207, 227, 228, 231 coding problems, 59, 207 digestive diseases, 59, 249, 250, 259 estimation of, 258-260 ethnic differentials, 225, 232 falls, 207 homicides, 59-60, 207 hypertension, 22 infant mortality, 247 infectious/parasitic diseases, 259 injury, 22, 23, 58-62, 240, 245, 249, 250, 251, 254, 259, 260 intestinal cancer, 22 levels of mortality, 157, 166 motor vehicle accidents, 59-60, 207 neuropsychiatric, 200, 201, 207, 227, 228, 231 poisoning, 12, 22, 58-62, 168-173, 200, 207, 226, 227-228, 231, 232-234, 237 238, 256-257 quality of data, 231, 232 by region, 234
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INDEX respiratory diseases, 47, 59, 167, 249, 250, 259 rural-urban variation, 170- 173 in Russia, 22, 35, 56, 58-62, 132-133, 166, 232, 233 sex differentials, 22, 23, 168-173, 234, 246 stroke, 22 suicides, 59-60, 207 temporal trends, 22, 227, 228, 233, 239 241, 246, 250, 253-256 violent, 22, 59-60, 62, 226, 228, 242-243 years of life lost, 168-173 American Cancer Society, 262-263, 264, 358 Anemia, 201, 216-219 Anti-alcohol campaign and age patterns of mortality, 245, 246, 247-251 Armenia and alcohol consumption, 22, 222, 240, 241-245, 257 and cancer mortality, 23 and cardiovascular disease mortality, 23, 46, 57, 231, 253 causes of death, 245, 247-251 and cirrhosis mortality, 56 components of, 228-230, 244 and digestive disease mortality, 23 effectiveness, 67, 129, 134, 180, 207, 237, 245-246 and injury mortality, 23 and life expectancy at birth, 23, 245, 246 post-campaign abuse and mortality trends, 251 -257 prevented deaths, 245-247 quality of data, 231-232 and respiratory disease mortality, 23, 47, 167 revenue losses, 236, 237 and samogon production and consumption, 225 and sex differentials in mortality, 245, 246 and violence-related deaths, 59-60, 61 age structure, 10 health expenditures, 11 life expectancy at birth, 11, 194-195 population, 10 tobacco use, 25, 276 Armenian mortality adult rates, 11, 194-195, 198 age patterns, 13, 14, 194-195, 268 cancer, 17, 218, 268, 270, 273-274 cardiovascular diseases, 16- 17, 218 infant and child, 11, 14, 20, 162, 188, 194195, 198, 218 infectious and parasitic diseases, 17, 218 383 injury and poisoning, 16, 218 registration, 190, 191 respiratory diseases, 17, 218 sex differentials, 14, 16-17, 194-195, 198, 267, 268, 270, 273-274 smoking-related, 25, 267, 268, 270, 278 years of life lost, 16-17, 218 Arteritis, 56 Asian Russia. See also Central Asian NIS age patterns of mortality, 102 life expectancy at birth, 70 Assessment methods for age patterns of mortality, 68, 75-100, 101-102, 106, 129-130 limitations of, 3, 28, 29-30 for spatial variation, 68 Atherosclerotic heart diseases, 42, 43 Australia, 273-274, 307, 361 Austria, 273-274 Azerbaijan age structure, 10, 183 centenarians, 183 health expenditures, 11 fife expectancy et birth, 11, 137-138, 141 142, 162, 164, 194-195 population, 10 Azerbaijan mortality adult, 194-195, 198 age patterns, 13, 142, 143, 168, 170, 172, 194-195, 268 alcohol-related, 168,170, 172,174, 176,178 cancer, 17, 168, 170, 172, 175, 177, 179, 219, 264, 270, 273-274 cardiovascular diseases, 16-17, 168, 170, 172, 174, 176, 178, 219 by cause of death, 168, 170, 172, 175, 177, 179, 219 infant and child, 11, 20, 124, 162, 168, 170, 172, 183, 188, 194-195, 198, 219 infectious and parasitic diseases, 17, 166, 168, 170, 172, 175, 177, 179, 219 injury and poisoning, 16, 168, 170, 172, 175, 177, 179, 219 quality of data, 124, 128, 130, 137-138 rates, 11, 14 registration, 190, 191, 192 respiratory diseases, 17, 166, 168, 170, 172, 175, 177, 179, 219 rural-urban variation, 137- 138, 143, 162, 163, 164-165, 170, 172, 177, 179, 183 sex differences in, 11, 16- 17, 141- 143, 162-163, 164-165, 168, 170, 172, 175, 177, 179, 183, 194-195, 198, 264, 268, 270, 273-274 smoking-related deaths, 268-269, 270
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384 temporal trends, 163 years of life lost, 16-17, 162-163, 165, 168, 170, 172, 175, 177, 179, 219 B Baltic Region alcohol consumption, 22, 232, 242 countries, 8-9 ethnic composition, 7 Baltic Region mortality age patterns, 13 alcohol-related, 234 BAT, 277 Belarus cancer, 112-113, 118-119, 270 cardiovascular diseases, 112-113, 118-119 causes of death, 18 definitional issues, 124 injury, 71, 112-113, 118-119 quality of data, 130, 131 registration of deaths, 189 rural-urban differences,73,112-113,118-119 sex differentials, 112- 113, 118- 119, 267, 268, 270 smoking-related, 267, 268, 270, 278 years of life lost, 163 anti-smoking campaigns, 282 demographic, economic, and social indicators, 10-11 life expectancy at birth, 194-195 Belarus (Minsk) mortality adult, 194-195, 198 age patterns, 268 cancer, 17, 216, 270, 273-274 cardiovascular diseases, 16-17, 216 causes of death, 157, 192, 216 congenital malformations, 4 digestive diseases, 157 infant and child, 20, 162, 188, 194-195, 198 infectious and parasitic diseases, 17, 157, 216 injury and poisoning, 16, 216 quality of data, 41, 42, 43, 130 rates, 11 registration, 190, 191, 192 respiratory diseases, 17, 157, 216 sex differentials, 16-17, 194-195, 198, 267, 268, 270, 273-274 smoking-related deaths, 267, 268, 270 years of life lost, 16-17, 216 Belgium, lung cancer, 268, 273-274 Births live, 37, 124, 154 seasonal patterns, 155 INDEX Body composition age and, 322-323, 325, 326, 327 patterns, 315, 322-327 sex and, 322-323, 326, 327 weight changes, 324-325, 331 Brass child mortality questions, 147 Brass model of mortality, 106 Breast cancer mortality diet and, 356 in Former Socialist Economies, 201, 216219 international comparisons, 55 quality of data, 43 years of life lost, 17, 200, 201, 216-219 Bulgarian mortality adult, 194-195, 198 causes of death, 219 infant and child, 185, 194-195, 198, 219 life expectancy at birth, 194-195 lung cancer, 273-274 sex differentials, 194-195, 198, 273-274 years of life lost, 219 C Canada, 273-274, 307 Cancer epidemic, 11 event registries, 123 risk factors, 27, 208, 270 Cancer mortality age patterns, 15, 46, 52-53, 55, 69, 80, 81, 82-87, 89, 90, 91, 102, 255, 259 alcohol-related, 22, 248, 250, 255, 259 anti-alcohol campaign and, 23 availability of data, 40, 41 Central Asian NIS, 201, 202 environmental pollution and, 4 excess years of life lost, 208 female genital organs, 43 in Former Socialist Economies, 200, 201, 216-219 infectious diseases and, 55 international comparisons, 55-56 and life expectancy, 48-49, 50, 74, 80, 8287, 108-119 prevention, 336, 338, 340, 341 by province/NIS, 17, 168-173, 216-219 quality of data, 42, 43 regional variation, 70, 73-74, 89, 101, 108119 respiratory organs, 43
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See also Northern Caucasus Region mortality age patterns, 80-81, 90, 100 cancer, 80, 90 cardiovascular, 81, 90 infectious diseases, 80, 90 injury, 81, 90 life expectancy at birth, 80 respiratory diseases, 81, 90 rural-urban variation, 90 sex differences in, 80-81, 90 Causes of death. See also individual causes by age, 15, 46, 49-52, 53, 66-67, 69, 79 90, 203, 247-251, 253-254, 259 alcohol consumption and, 248-251, 253 254 anti-alcohol campaign and, 247-251 availability of data, 40-41, 156-157 Central Asian NIS, 4, 16-17, 18, 146, 154, 157, 166, 192, 199-201, 202-203, 205 certification, 158, 258 classifications, 20-21, 40, 44-45, 65, 105, 158, 192-193 coding practices, 42, 45, 57, 59, 192, 200, 202, 206-207 correspondence tables, 44, 65 diagnostic error, 192-193 European NIS, 2, 3, 89 excess years of life lost, 202-203, 205, 206 Former Socialist Economies, 184-185, 192-193, 198-203, 206, 210 immediate, 39, 65 international trends, 54-62 large groups of causes, 45-47, 65, 199, 203 and life expectancy estimates, 47-54, 69, 89-90 quality of data, 20-21, 39-45, 192, 200, 202, 231, 264, 270 regional variation, 73-74, 89-90, 101, 108 119, 167 rural-urban variation, 15, 69, 70-71, 73-74, 80-87, 88-90, 101, 102, 108-119, 167, 170- 173, 176- 179 Russian, 15, 34-35, 39-54, 56-62 sex differentials, 48-49, 69, 89-90, 167, 168-179, 203 transition coefficients, 44-45 trends, 11-12, 54-62, 65, 167, 174-180, 256 underlying, 39, 65 years of life lost, 16-18, 166, 167, 168 173, 180, 198-201
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Region mortality age patterns, 80-81, 86, 89, 90 cancer, 71, 74, 80, 86, 89, 90, 108-109, 114-115 Chile, 186 cardiovascular, 71, 74, 81, 86, 89, 90, 108- China 109, 114-115 infectious diseases, 80, 86, 90 injury, 71, 74, 81, 86, 89, 90, 108-109, 114-115 INDEX life expectancy at birth, 73, 80, 86, 108109, 114-115 respiratory diseases, 81, 86, 89, 90 rural-urban differences, 86, 89, 90, 102, 108-109, 114-115 sex differences in, 73, 80-81, 86, 89, 90, 108-109, 114-115 Central Europe violence-related deaths, 59 Central Region mortality age patterns, 80-81, 85, 89 cancer, 71, 80, 85, 89, 108-109, 114-115 cardiovascular, 71, 81, 85, 89, 108-109, 114-115 infectious diseases, 80, 85 injury, 71, 81, 85, 89, 108-109, 114-115 life expectancy at birth, 80, 85, 108-109, 114-115 quality of data, 41, 192 respiratory diseases, 81, 85, 89 rural-urban differences, 73, 85, 89, 108109, 114-115 sex differences, 80-81, 85, 89, 108-109, 114-115 Cerebrovascular disease diet and, 26 mortality, 17, 18, 42, 43, 57-58, 200, 201, 202, 206, 216-219, 254-256 Cervical cancer, 122, 201, 216-219 Child mortality causes, 167, 180, 200, 202 Central Asian NIS, 4, 202 as country health indicator, 252 digestive diseases, 252 in Eastern Europe, 185 European NIS, 3 excess years of life lost, 202 Former Socialist Economies, 200, 202, 210 income per capita and, 196 infectious diseases, 252 intestinal infections and, 75 quality of data, 154 rates, 14 respiratory infections, 200, 252 rural-urban variation, 90 scatter diagrams, 13 survey questions, 147 trends, 131 years of life lost, 200, 202 age heaping, 126- 127, 154 microdata, 147, 148-149 Cholesterol, 27, 208, 209, 338, 339, 347, 356, 357-358, 366, 368
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See also Ethnic population data Congenital abnormalities, 4, 18, 43, 81, 88, 168-173, 201, 205, 216-219 Coronary heart disease, 25, 27, 264, 267, 328, 336, 338, 340, 341, 355, 356, 368 Correction of data Bennett-Horiuchi technique, 189-191, 192 decomposition of differences, 52, 105-106 growth balance method, 189- 191, 214 infant and child mortality, 19, 20-21, 38, 39, 154, 158, 159-160, 186-188 life tables, 125, 158-159 old-age mortality, 20-21, 39, 52, 125 for underregistration, 189 violent death, 59 Crossover effects, 19, 70, 127-128, 138, 146 Czech Republic, 4, 208 Czechoslovakian mortality adult, 194-195, 198 alcohol production, 244 causes of death, 217 infant and child, 185, 194-195, 198, 217 life expectancy at birth, 194-195 lung cancer, 273-274 sex differentials, 194-195, 198, 273-274 years of life lost, 217 387 D Death certificates, 41 Definitional issues comparability across NIS countries, 123 124, 154 family, 154 infant death, 19, 124, 154, 186-187, 189 live birth, 19, 37, 124, 154, 157-158, 252 Degenerative disease mortality control of, 180 by NIS, 168-173 rates, 158 rural-urban variations, 15, 167, 170-173 sex differentials, 168-173 years of life lost, 168-173 Demographic and epidemiological data access to/availability of, 3, 30, 40, 41, 66, 123, 148-149, 156-157, 236 aggregate, 123 comparability across NIS countries, 123 124, 125-126 error patterns in, 122- 123 "faked," 122 microdata, 123, 148-149 Denmark, 273-274 Diabetes, 56, 47, 201, 216-219 Diagnoses, quality of, 41-42 Diarrheal diseases, 18, 201, 202, 203, 205, 216 219 Diet. See also Cholesterol; Fat consumption; Food age and, 319 alcohol consumption, 318, 320, 331 and cardiovascular disease, 21, 26, 208, 210 changes in, 314-315 and chronic disease, 314, 328, 355 current survey information, 316- 317 economic reforms and, 322 energy intake, 318-319, 321-322, 328 and FSE mortality, 208 high-fat, 26, 314, 331, 336 historical data, 315-316 protein intake, 26, 318-320, 321-322 Diet modification community health interventions, 28, 368 369 components, 369 effectiveness of interventions, 338 employer role, 28, 363-364 endorsement and advocacy, 28, 367-368 fat and cholesterol intake, 357-369 food industry role, 359, 362-363 government role, 358-361
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388 health professionals and, 28, 367-368 health-related group role, 359, 366-368 importance of, 350 mass media role, 28, 360, 366-367 military role, 363-364 opportunities for, 358 school-based programs, 28, 364-366 screening programs, 368 voluntary health organizations and, 28, 366-367 Dietary measures, 318 patterns, 318-322 recommendations, 358, 360 Digestive disease mortality age patterns, 46, 52-53, 81, 259 alcohol-related, 59, 249, 250, 259 anti-alcohol campaign and, 23 in Central Asian NIS, 157, 201, 205 excess years of life lost, 205 in Former Socialist Economies, 201, 202, 216-219 and life expectancy, 48-49, 50 quality of data, 42, 43 rural-urban differences, 81 sex differences, 46, 47, 48-49, 50, 52-53, 81 temporal trends, 253, 256 years of life lost, 18, 201, 202, 216-219 Diphtheria, 203 Disability, 3, 30, 122 Disease prevention. See Chronic disease prevention Drowning, 18, 201, 202, 203, 205, 206, 207, 216-219 E Eastern Europe countries, 8-9 tobacco consumption and control, 288, 306, 307 Eastern European mortality adult, 185 age patterns, 13, 185 cerebrovascular, 57-58 infant and child, 185 lung cancer, 268, 271 registration of deaths, 185 risk factors, 186 sex differences in, 185 Eastern Siberia Region mortality cancer, 74, 110-111, 116-117 cardiovascular disease, 74, 101, 110- 111, 116-117 INDEX classification of causes of death, 192 injury, 74, 101, 110-111, 116-117 life expectancy at birth, 70, 110- 111, 116117 rural-urban variations, 110-111, 116-117 sex differences in, 74, 101, 110-111, 116117 Energy deficiency, chronic, 26, 315, 322, 324, 325, 331 England cause-of-death trends, 54-56, 59, 65 life expectancy at birth, 56-57 Environmental pollution, 4, 186, 208, 297, 305 Epidemiological transitions analyses, 3 in causes of death, 156, 182 in Former Socialist Economies, 184-219 Errors in data age exaggeration, 124, 126-127, 138, 146 assessment of, 67, 121-122 classification, 40, 192-193 coding, 40, 41, 57, 59, 192 crossover effects, 19, 70, 127-128, 138, 146 detection of, 19, 41-43, 154 infant mortality, 128, 154 life expectancy at birth, 129 measurement, 158 underregistration of deaths, 121, 138 Esophageal cancer, 43, 201, 216-219, 256 Established Market Economies, 13, 193, 200, 202, 214 Estonia alcohol consumption, 27 chronic disease prevention, 27, 335, 342350 demographic, economic, and social indicators, 10-11 diet, 27 general health, 345-346 health behavior, 348-349 health databases, 343-344 health expenditures, 11 life expectancy at birth, 11, 194-195 life tables, 155 National Health Education Center, 349 tobacco use, 275 Estonian mortality adult, 194-195, 198 age patterns, 268 cancer, 17, 122, 216, 270, 273-274 cardiovascular diseases, 16, 216 infant and child, 11, 20, 37, 154, 155, 160, 162, 188, 194-195, 198, 216 infectious and parasitic diseases, 17, 216 injury and poisoning, 16, 216
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See also Diet Consumer Budget Survey, 316, 330 economic reforms and, 331, 356-357 historical patterns of, 26, 327-328 vegetables, 348-349
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See also Central Asian NIS; Eastern Europe; individual countries adult, 189-192, 194-196, 210 age specific, 184-185, 193, 199, 203-204, 268 alcohol and, 207 calculation, 195, 198 cancer, 270 causes of death, 184-185, 192-193, 198 203, 206, 207, 216-219 classification of causes of death, 192-193, 206-207, 210 cohort effects, 207 communism and, 209 data sources and methods, 186- 193, 195 diet and, 208 excess years of life lost, 193, 202-207 geographic patterns, 193-198 health system and, 208-209, 210-211 infant and child, 185, 186-189, 194-196, 210 international comparisons, 186, 210 life expectancy at birth, 193, 197 life tables, 195- 196, 198 Northern region, 194, 195-204, 206, 207 209, 210, 216-217 occupational exposures and, 208 pollution and, 208 risk factors, 207-209, 210 sex differences in, 185, 193, 194-198, 203 204, 210, 268, 270 smoking-related, 207, 268, 270 Southern Region, 194, 196-204, 218-219 trends, 184 underregistration of deaths, 186- 192, 196 years of life lost, 193, 198-202, 216-219 INDEX G Genito-urinary diseases, 43, 201, 216-219 Georgia age structure, 10 health expenditures, 11 life expectancy at birth, 11, 194-195 population, 10 tobacco use, 25, 276 Georgian mortality, 16- 17 adult, 194-195, 198 age patterns, 268 cancer, 270, 273-274 causes of death, 218 infant and child, 11, 20, 162, 188, 194195, 198 registration of deaths, 190, 191, 192 sex differentials, 194-195, 198, 268, 270, 273-274 smoking-related deaths, 268-269, 270 years of life lost, 218 Germany, 160, 161, 273-274 Gorbachev policies, 41, 59-60, 67, 123, 163, 185, 220, 224-225. See also Antialcohol campaign Goskomstat statistics, 40, 41, 68, 124, 125, 128, 157, 158, 182, 183, 222, 242, 244, 257,261,316,328,330,333 Greece, 273-274 Guangxi Province, 147 H Han Chinese, 138, 154 Health behavior monitoring system, 343-344 Health care system access to, 3, 5, 57-58, 127-128 expenditures, 7, 10, 21, 30, 197 Former Socialist Economies, 208-209, 210-211 infectious disease control, 180 infrastructure and personnel, 7 deficiencies, 186, 208-209 and excess years of life lost, 208-209 priorities, 18, 21, 30 quality of care, 5 Health databases, 343-344 Health professionals anti-smoking role, 30-31, 283-284, 285, 293, 297-298, 299 diet modification role, 28, 30-31, 367-368 Heart Smart Program, 365 Hepatitis, 18, 201, 203, 205, 216-219
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INDEX Homicides alcohol-related, 59-60, 207 Central Asian NIS, 202 in European NIS, 18 excess years of life lost, 206, 207 in Former Socialist Economies, 201, 206, 216-219 by NIS, 168-173 rates, 12, 40, 166, 256 rural-urban variation, 167 sex differentials, 167, 168-173, 206 socioeconomic conditions and, 180 temporal trends, 256 years of life lost, 168-173, 200, 201, 202, 216-219 Hungarian mortality adult, 194-195, 198 cause of death, 217 infant and child, 185, 194-195, 198, 217 life expectancy at birth, 194-195 life tables, 15, 98-99, 103, 106 lung cancer, 273-274 risk factors, 208 sex differentials, 194-195, 198 violence-related deaths, 59, 217 years of life lost, 217 Hungary, food subsidies, 361 Hypercholesterolemia, 356 Hypertension/hypertensive diseases alcohol abuse and, 23 and cardiovascular disease, 21, 23 cholesterol and, 27, 208, 209 interventions, 338, 339 quality of data, 42, 43 sex differentials, 208, 209, 347 temporal trends, 256 I Iceland, 273-274 Immunization programs, 203 Income per capita, and mortality, 7, 10, 196, 210 India, 1, 193 Infant mortality. See also individual countries age misreporting, 37, 120-121 alcohol consumption and, 247 availability of data, 41 baseline data, 124 calculation, 29-30, 182 causes, 81, 89, 90, 102, 128, 154, 167, 202, 203 Central Asian NIS, 4, 18, 37, 124, 128, 144, 145, 154, 159, 202, 203, 205 391 corrections to data, 19, 20-21, 38, 39, 154, 158, 159-160, 182-183, 186-188 definitional issues, 19, 37, 124, 154, 157 158, 186-187, 189, 252 excess years of life lost, 202, 203, 205 European NIS, 3 falsification of data, 128 in Former Socialist Economies, 185, 186 189, 201, 203, 216-219 Hogan's model, 182-183 international comparisons, 100, 160, 161 intervention design, 144 and life expectancy, 38, 39, 49, 183, 252 253 neonatal, 38, 81, 88, 89, 90, 158, 186-189 by NIS, 162, 168-173, 188 perinatal, 18, 168-173, 201, 202, 203, 205, 216-219 postneonatal, 81, 88, 186- 187 publication of data, 185 quality of data, 19, 36-38, 120-121, 124, 128, 144, 158, 185 rates, 20, 162, 188 regional variation, 89, 90 registration issues, 19, 38, 128, 144, 158, 159, 185, 186-189 rural-urban variation, 88-90, 128, 138, 170-173, 176-179, 183 sex differences, 162, 168-173, 183 trends, 131, 185, 252 years of life lost, 168-173, 201, 202, 216 219 Infectious and parasitic disease mortality age patterns, 46, 49, 52-53, 80, 82-87, 89, 90, 255, 259 alcohol consumption and, 255, 259 cancer and, 55 in Central Asian NIS, 18, 157, 180,201, 202 Former Socialist Economies, 201, 216-219 international trends, 54-55 and life expectancy at birth, 34-35, 48-49, 50, 58, 80, 82-87 by province/NIS, 17, 168-179 quality of data, 43 rates, 157 by region, 15, 89, 90, 166 respiratory, 166, 168-173 rural-urban variation, 15, 82-87, 89, 90, 167, 170-173, 176-179 sex differences, 17, 46, 47, 48-49, 50-51, 52-53, 54, 58-59, 69, 70, 74, 80, 82-87, 89, 90, 168-179 temporal trends, 253, 256 years of life lost, 17, 18, 168-179, 201, 216-219
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See also Alcohol abuse prevention/control; Chronic disease prevention; Diet modification; Tobacco control and anti-smoking campaigns cost-benefit analyses, 15, 30, 145 cost-effective public health initiatives, 21 economic conditions and, 180 planning, 31 program usage as reflection of need, 122 and regression effects, 121, 144 reliability of data for design of, 30, 121, 144, 145 years-of-life-lost measure, 15 Intestinal cancer, 56 Intestinal infections, 75 Ireland, 273-274 Ischemic heart disease, 17, 18, 22-23, 26, 42, 43, 57, 200, 201, 202, 206, 210, 216219, 249, 251, 256 Israel, 273-274 Italy, 273-274 J Japan adult mortality, 186, 189 life expectancy at birth, 35, 36 lung cancer, 273-274 K Karelia, Republic of, 27, 108- 109, 114- 115, 335, 342-350 Kazaks, 7, 126-127, 142, 154 Kazakstan age structure of population, 5, 10 economy, 10 ethnic composition, 7, 272 fertility rate, 269 health expenditures, 11 fife expectancy et birth, 11, 138, 141-142, 194-195 population, 10 Kazakstan mortality adult, 194-195, 198 age patterns, 13, 142, 143, 194-195, 268 cancer, 17, 216, 268, 270, 273-274 cardiovascular diseases, 16-17, 216
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See also individual countries age patterns of mortality and, 49-52, 53, 69, 89-90, 132, 134, 136, 137-138, 142, 143, 246 alcohol abuse and, 239, 240, 261 anti-alcohol campaign and, 23, 245 cancer mortality and, 48-49, 50, 74, 101 cardiovascular mortality and, 48-49, 50, 56-57, 74, 101 cause components of changes in, 11-12, 47-54, 69 chronic disease prevention and, 339-340 decomposition of differences, 79-81 estimation, 39, 155 ethnicity and, 134- 135 Former Socialist Economies, 193 infant mortality and, 38, 39, 49, 183, 252 253
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nonwhites, 98-99, 103, 106 West model, 15, 91, 96, 97-98, 100, 131 Lithuania economy, 10 health expenditures, 11 fife expectancy et birth, 11, 163, 164, 194 195 immigration, 191 population, 10 tobacco use, 283-284 Lithuanian mortality adult, 194-195, 198 INDEX age patterns, 268 cancer, 17, 168, 170, 172, 174, 176, 178, 216, 270, 273-274 cardiovascular diseases, 16-17, 168, 170, 172, 174, 176, 178, 216 infant and child, 11, 20, 37, 160, 162, 168, 170, 172, 188, 194-195, 198, 216 infectious and parasitic diseases, 17, 168, 170, 172, 174, 176, 178, 216 injury and poisoning, 16, 168, 170, 172, 174, 176, 178, 216 levels, 162 quality of data, 37, 160 rates, 11 registration, 190, 191 respiratory diseases, 17, 168, 170, 172, 174, 176, 178, 216 risk factors, 28-29, 208 rural-urban variations, 164-165, 170, 172, 176, 178 sex differentials, 16-17, 163, 164-165, 168, 170, 172, 174, 176, 178, 194-195, 198, 267, 268, 270, 273-274 smoking-related, 267, 268, 270 years of life lost, 16-17, 163, 165, 168, 170, 172, 174, 176, 178, 216 Lung cancer age and, 265, 273-274 air pollution and, 271 diet and, 356 excess years of life lost, 206 in Former Socialist Economies, 200, 201, 202, 206, 207, 210, 216-219, 268 international comparisons, 56, 262-263, 264, 270-271, 273-274 nonsmoker rates, 264, 270, 271 occupational exposures and, 271 prevention, 340 quality of data, 267, 270 sex differentials, 56, 206, 268, 269, 273 smoking and, 18, 25, 207, 263, 264, 267, 270-271, 283, 296-297 temporal trends, 256 years of life lost, 17-18, 200, 201, 202, 216-219 Luxembourg, 273-274 Lymphoma/leukemia, 200, 201, 202, 216219 M Malta, 273-274 Maternal mortality, 18, 79, 201, 216-219
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From page 395... ...
See Life expectancy at birth; Years of life lost Meningitis, 201, 216-219 Mental disease, 59 Methods. See Assessment methods; Correction of data Microdata, 123, 147, 148-149 Migrants and migration, 72, 73, 146-147, 180, 191, 224 Moldova health expenditures, 11 life expectancy at birth, 11, 164, 194-195 population, 10 tobacco use, 25, 276 Moldovan mortality accidents, 166, 217 adult, 194-195, 198 age patterns, 268 alcohol-related, 234 cancer, 17, 217, 270, 273-274 cardiovascular diseases, 16-17, 217 by cause of death, 169, 171, 173, 174, 176, 178, 217 infant and child, 11, 20, 37, 128, 162, 188, 194-195, 198, 217 infectious and parasitic diseases, 17, 217 injury and poisoning, 16, 217 quality of data, 37 rates, 11 registration, 190, 191 respiratory diseases, 17, 217 rural-urban variations, 164-165, 171, 173, 176, 178 sex differentials, 16-17, 163, 164-165, 169, 171, 173, 174, 176, 178, 194-195, 198, 268, 270, 273-274 smoking-related, 268-269, 270 years of life lost, 16-17, 163, 165, 169, 171, 173, 174, 176, 178, 217 Monitoring and Determinants of Cardiovascular Disease (MONICA)
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From page 396... ...
See also Injury and poisoning mortality alcohol, 12, 22, 58-62, 200, 207, 227-228, 237-238, 256-257 excess years of life lost, 206, 207 Former Socialist Economies, 200, 201, 206, 216-219 sex differentials, 206 years of life lost, 200, 201, 216-219 Poland mortality adult, 194-195, 198 cause of death, 217 infant and child, 185, 194-195, 198, 217 life expectancy at birth, 194-195 lung cancer, 271, 273-274 risk factors, 28-29, 208 sex differentials, 194-195, 198 smoking-related deaths, 267, 269 years of life lost, 217 Portugal, 273-274 Potential years of life lost, 67 Preventable loss of life, 18 Prisoners, 72 Prostate cancer, 56
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From page 397... ...
See also Correction of data; Errors in data accidents, 42, 231 age patterns, 18, 35, 36-39, 162 alcohol-related, 231, 232 anti-alcohol campaign, 231-232 Azerbaijan, 124, 128, 130, 137-138 Baltic Region, 130, 131 Belarus, 41, 42, 43, 130 cancer, 42, 43, 267, 270 cardiovascular diseases, 20-21, 42, 43, 192, 200, 202, 231, 264, 270 cause of death, 20-21, 39-45, 264 Central Asian states, 15, 19, 29, 124, 126127, 130, 146, 154, 160, 163, 192 Central Region, 41, 192 child mortality, 154 digestive diseases, 42, 43 Estonia, 37, 131, 160 European NIS countries, 3, 144-145 infant, 19, 36-38, 120-121, 124, 128, 144, 158, 185 infectious diseases, 43 for intervention design, 121, 144, 145, 271 Kazakstan, 124, 130 Kyrgyz, 127, 130 Latvia, 37, 122-123, 131 and life-expectancy estimates, 38, 39, 129, 162 Lithuania, 37, 160 measures of, 155 microdata availability, 123 Moldova, 37 Moslem NIS countries, 136, 137-138, 145147 Northern Caucasus Region, 72-73 official statistics, 121 at old ages, 38, 120-121, 145, 158, 162 provincial-level, 68, 70, 73 respiratory diseases, 42, 43, 192 rural-urban differentials, 15, 127-128, 154 397 Russia, 35-45, 67, 122-123, 130, 131, 144145, 192 sex differentials, 127-128, 144-145 smoking-related deaths, 271 Tajikistan, 19-20, 127-128, 130, 142, 189 Turkmenistan, 41, 42, 43, 127-128, 130, 192 Ukraine, 130 Uzbekistan, 130, 137-143 violence - relate d, 42 vital registrations, 19, 41, 189- 192 R Regional variation in mortality age patterns, 13, 19, 70, 80-81, 88-96, 100, 101-102, 199, 203, 205 cause-specific, 73-74, 89-90, 101, 108-119, 167 international comparisons with, 96- 100 life expectancy at birth, 70, 73, 74, 89-90, 101, 108-119 by province, 101, 108-119 rural-urban differentials, 13, 15, 71-72, 7374, 80-81, 89-96, 102, 108-119, 167 socioeconomic and sociocultural development and, 163 years of life lost, 162-163 Regions. See also Baltic Region; Central Asian NIS; European NIS; individual regions Registration of deaths.
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From page 398... ...
See also Soviet Union (former) age patterns, 13, 15, 19, 35, 36-39, 49-52, 53, 66-67, 69, 75-100, 130-131, 132, 136, 137-138, 168, 170, 172, 174, 176, 178 alcohol-related, 22, 35, 58-62, 166, 167, 168, 170, 172, 174, 176, 178, 233, 258 anti-alcohol campaign and, 239-241 cancer, 17, 35, 55-56, 69, 167, 168, 170, 172, 174, 176, 178, 217 cardiovascular diseases, 16, 35, 56-58, 66, 69, 166-167, 168, 170, 172, 174, 176, 178, 208, 217, 254-256 cause of death, 11-12, 16-17, 39-45, 48-49, 49-52, 54-62, 66-67, 69, 73-74, 79-88, 166-167, 168, 170, 172, 174, 176, 178, 192, 217
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From page 399... ...
differentials in mortality. See also individual countries accidents, 167, 168-173 age and, 13, 15, 38, 50-54, 76-81, 88, 89 101, 102, 103, 132, 168-173, 203-205, 246 alcohol-related deaths, 234, 245 cancer, 17, 46, 48-49, 50-51, 52-53, 55, 69, 70, 73-74, 80, 81-87, 89, 90, 100, 101, 108-119, 168-173, 269, 270, 273 274 cardiovascular diseases, 11, 12, 16, 45-46, 48-49, 50, 51-54, 69, 70, 71, 73-74, 80 87, 89, 90, 100, 101, 108-119, 167, 168 173, 231, 344 by cause of death, 48-49, 69, 89-90, 167, 168-179, 203 Central Asian NIS, 163, 196, 197, 203, 205 digestive diseases, 46, 47, 48-49, 50-51, 52-53 European NIS, 3, 144-145 Former Socialist Economies, 193-194, 196-198, 203-204 infant mortality, 162, 168-173, 183 infectious diseases, 17, 46, 47, 48-49, 50 51, 52-53, 54, 58-59, 69, 70, 74, 80, 82 87, 89, 90, 168-179 injury and poisoning, 46, 47, 48-49, 52-53, 58-59, 69, 70, 74, 100, 101, 108-119, 167, 168-173 international comparisons, 14, 96- 100, 103, 136-137, 186 and life table construction, 146 Moslem NIS, 138- 142 other causes, 47, 48, 50-51, 52-53 quality of data, 127- 128, 144- 145 by region, 13, 14, 72, 74, 89-100, 102, 108-119 registration, 51, 190, 191-192 respiratory diseases, 17, 46-47, 48-49, 50, 51, 52-53, 54, 80, 81-87, 89, 90, 168-173 rural-urban differentials, 13, 15, 66, 69, 70-74, 76-96, 99-101, 102, 106, 108 119, 127-128, 139, 142-143, 163, 167, 170-173, 176-179, 183 smoking-related, 267, 268, 269, 270 violence-related, 50-51 years of life lost, 16-17
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From page 400... ...
alcohol poisoning, 232, 233 availability of data in, 40, 123 classifications of cause of death, 40 coding practices, 40 collapse of, 67, 123 countries, 8-9 food subsidies, 361 Health Care Ministry, 40, 45 health care system, 3 infant mortality, 188 levels of mortality, 10 Ministry of Health, 128 nutritional risk factors, 314-334 quality of data, 123-124 INDEX registration of deaths, 190 social welfare system, 1, 5 sources of data, 68-70 Spain, 273-274 Spatial differences in mortality. See also Provincial mortality data; Regional variation in mortality; Rural-urban differentials in mortality assessment methods, 68 availability of data, 66 Stalin era, 241 Stomach cancer, 43, 56, 200, 201, 202, 206, 216-219, 256 Stroke, 22, 23, 25, 201, 264, 267 Suicides alcohol-related, 59-60, 61, 207 Central Asian NIS, 202 in European NIS, 18 excess years of life lost, 206, 207 in Former Socialist Economies, 201, 202, 206, 216-219 by NIS, 168-173 rural-urban variation, 167 sex differentials, 167, 168-173, 206 socioeconomic conditions and, 180 trends, 12, 40, 166, 256 years of life lost, 168-173, 200, 201, 202, 216-219 Surveys questionnaire design, 147 Sweden, 130, 136-137, 162, 273-274 Switzerland, 273-274 T Tajikistan (Tadzhikistan)
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From page 401... ...
See Injury and poisoning mortality Trends in mortality accidents, 166 by age, 131 from cancer, 35, 55-56 from cardiovascular diseases, 35, 45, 56-58 by cause of death, 11-12, 54-62, 65, 167, 174-180, 256 Central Asian republics, 145 injury-related deaths, 11 international, 54-62, 65 Latvia, 130-136 life expectancy at birth, 1 -2, 10- 13, 129130, 164, 240-241 respiratory diseases, 167
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From page 402... ...
mortality adult, 194-195, 198 age patterns, 143, 169, 171, 173, 194-195, 268 cancer, 17, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 219, 270, 273-274 cardiovascular diseases, 16-17, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 219 causes of death, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 192, 219 infant and child, 11, 20, 162, 169, 171, 173, 187, 188, 194-195, 198, 219 infectious and parasitic diseases, 17, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 219 injury and poisoning, 16, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 219 quality of data, 41, 42, 43, 127-128, 130, 192 rates, 11 registration, 190, 191 respiratory diseases, 17, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 219 rural-urban variation, 143, 164-165, 171, 173, 177, 179 sex differentials, 16-17, 141-143, 164-165, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 194-195, 198, 268, 270, 273-274 smoking-related, 268, 269, 270 temporal trends, 163, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179 years of life lost, 16-17, 165, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 219 Turks, 7 U Uighurs, 126-127, 130, 136-137, 138, 154 Ukraine health expenditures, 11 fife expectancy et birth, 11, 163, 164, 194195 INDEX population, 5, 10 tobacco production, 277 tobacco use, 25, 276 Ukraine mortality adults, 194-195, 198 age patterns, 169, 171, 173, 194-195, 268 cancer, 17, 169, 171, 173, 174, 176, 178, 217, 270, 273-274 cardiovascular diseases, 16-17, 169, 171, 173, 174, 176, 178, 217 congenital malformations, 4, 217 infant and child, 11, 20, 162, 169, 171, 173, 188, 194-195, 198, 217 infectious and parasitic diseases, 17, 169, 171, 173, 217 injury and poisoning, 16, 169, 171, 173, 174, 176, 178, 217 quality of data, 130 rates, 11 registration, 190 respiratory diseases, 17, 169, 171, 173, 174, 176, 178, 217 rural-urban variations, 164-165, 171, 173, 176, 178 sex differentials, 16-17, 163, 164-165, 169, 171, 173, 174, 176, 178, 194-195, 198, 267, 268, 270, 273-274 smoking-related deaths, 25, 267, 268, 270 years of life lost, 16-17, 165, 169, 171, 173, 217 United Kingdom, 154, 210, 271, 273-274 United Nations COMPAR program, 155 definitions, 157 Economic Commission for Europe, 120 Food and Agriculture Organization, 333 United States adult mortality, 186, 189, 210 alcohol abuse control, 23-24 anti-tobacco campaigns, 282 Bureau of the Census, 159 Centers for Disease Control, 4 cigarette content, 279 Environmental Protection Agency, 305 food subsidies, 361 infant mortality, 161 levels of mortality, 10 life expectancy at birth, 34-36, 97 lung cancer, 268, 270, 271, 273-274 Minnesota Heart Health Program, 364, 367, 368 Minnesota Home Team Program, 365 National Center for Health Statistics, 182, 213
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From page 403... ...
114 injury, 71, 89, 108-109, 114-115 life expectancy at birth, 108-109, 114-115 respiratory diseases, 89
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From page 404... ...
404 rural-urban variation, 102, 108-109, 114115 sex differences, 89, 108-109, 114-115 W West Germany, 160 Western Siberia Region mortality age patterns, 89, 102 cancer, 74, 89, 110-111, 116-117 cardiovascular diseases, 110- 111, 116- 117 injury, 74, 110-111, 116-117 life expectancy at birth, 110-111, 116-117 rural-urban variations, 102, 110-111, 116117 sex differences in, 74, 89, 102, 110-111, 116-117 World Health Organization chronic disease prevention, 336, 337, 341342 CINDI program, 337, 342, 347, 349, 350 definitions, 19, 37, 124, 154, 157, 186 INTERHEALTH program, 337 International Classification of Diseases, 40, 65, 158 interpretation of rules, 65 MONICA, 21, 23, 207, 208, 338, 342, 343, 345 X Xinjiang Province, 19, 126-127, 130, 136-137, 138, 146, 147, 154 INDEX y Years of life lost accidents, 168-173 age patterns, 199 alcohol-related, 207 assessment methods, 16, 160-161, 193, 214 by cause of death, 16-18, 166, 167, 168 173, 180, 198-201 excess, 193, 202-207, 208 in Former Socialist Economies, 193, 198 202 international comparisons, 193, 200 and intervention design, 15 by NIS, 16-17, 162-163, 165, 168-179 rural-urban variation, 163, 165, 166, 170 173, 176-179 sex differences, 16-17, 162-163, 165, 168 179 socioeconomic and sociocultural development and, 163 temporal trends, 165 Young adult mortality. See also Adolescents rural differences in, 102 violence-related, 79 Yugoslavian mortality adult, 194-195, 198 causes of death, 218 infant and child, 185, 194-195, 198, 218 life expectancy at birth, 194-195 lung cancer, 273-274 sex differentials, 194-195, 198 years of life lost, 218
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