Striking a Balance Improving Stewardship of Marine Areas (1997) / Chapter Skim
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3. Lessons Learned
3. Lessons Learned
Pages 48-70
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From page 48... ...
The case studies focused on the following geographic areas: · Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary (NAPA) · Southern California coast (offshore and coastal region from the San Luis 48
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From page 49... ...
In each of the case studies, an activity or issue of local importance was examined to reveal the success or failure of existing management and governance structures and processes. Although other concerns might also have been of interest to this study, the committee limited its focus to the core problems, use conflicts, fragmented decision making and management, and lost opportunities and economic benefits: offshore oil and gas leasing and production in the southern Cali fornia case, fisheries management issues in the Gulf of Maine study, and problems of regional marine and coastal planning in the Florida Keys case.
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From page 50... ...
Although the examples differ widely in terms of scale, scope, and time frame, they all reflect attempts to address the core governance problems of use-conflicts, fragmented decision making and management, and lost opportunities and economic benefits. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary The Florida Keys are a unique chain of islands extending south and west from the tip of the Florida peninsula.
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From page 51... ...
An important component in the collaborative process was the Sanctuary Advisory Council, an innovative group that included representatives of a wide range of local stakeholders. Unfortunately, the start-up of the council was delayed for several months for administrative reasons, and its tin spite of the referendum, the governor of Florida and his cabinet unanimously approved the management plan on January 28, 1997.
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From page 52... ...
Enabling factors: There was general consensus among stakeholders that the Florida Keys are unique and that everyone had an interest in preserving the unique character of the area, despite disagreements about how the Keys should be managed. The legislation itself was extremely broad, compelling NOAA to take novel approaches to sanctuary planning.
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From page 53... ...
Southern California Outer Coastal Shelf Oil and Gas Leasing Oil development in the Santa Barbara Channel, northwest of Los Angeles, has a long history. The nation's first offshore oil well was drilled in this area in 1898 from a pier extending from shore.
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From page 54... ...
It is no surprise that more recent development provoked intense political battles over air pollution, facility siting/licensing, and transportation. For example, in 1976, Exxon responded to local attempts to control air pollution from OCS activities by anchoring an offshore storage and treatment facility just beyond the area of state and local jurisdiction, in federal waters, an act that was seen by many local stakeholders as arrogant disregard for state
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From page 55... ...
The importance of air pollution in southern California provided state and local agencies with additional leverage over offshore development, particularly after the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 gave EPA control, which EPA delegated to the county Air Pollution Control District. A series of moratoria on the sale of OCS leases, beginning in 1982, added to oil company incentives to increase production on the leases they already held.
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From page 56... ...
Finally, after a long history of conflict, most participants had come to believe that collaboration is better than fighting each other in the courts. Gulf of Maine Fisheries The Gulf of Maine is the largest semi-enclosed shelf sea bordering the continental United States (Christensen et al., 1992)
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From page 57... ...
Stock declines have resulted in substantial economic losses and the social disruption of fishing communities. The New England Fishery Management Council has closed fisheries and issued moratoria in an attempt to rebuild stocks, and both federal and state governments have implemented various support plans to lessen economic impacts, but the future of the offshore fishing industry in this region is still in doubt.
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From page 58... ...
Before 1971, restrictions on mesh size were the preferred approach to prevent overfishing under an international management regime. Beginning in 1971, total allowable catches were set on the major groundfish species; in 1974, quotas for each fishing nation were established.
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From page 59... ...
Workshop participants included key decision makers in the industry, including the heads of major professional and industry associations, executives of large fishing firms and fish processing companies, government fisheries scientists, representatives of Native American groups, the director of the regional fisheries management council, and the local representative of an international environmental organization. Reasons for success or failure: Although the workshops did not result in the implementation of solutions, they represented a notable break with the past.
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From page 60... ...
More rugged and efficient wire traps, larger and faster boats, and more sophisticated navigational gear have enabled fishermen to fish much larger areas and to fish them much more intensively. As a result, both the number of fisherman and the size of the catch have increased rapidly in the past decade.
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From page 61... ...
Reprinted with permission from Commercial Fisheries News, copyright Compass Publications, Inc. Photographs by Sarah Sherman Brewer.
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From page 62... ...
There was a strong tradition of local resource control and decision making, and the state was committed to a collaborative approach as the basis for improving the management regime. Not only was NMFS willing to share power with the state, but the state was also willing to share power with local management bodies.
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From page 63... ...
Reasons for success orfailure: The model developed for restoring the Chesapeake Bay has proven to be very successful. It has been a resilient vehicle for more than a decade of regional management of the bay and has served as a model for estuary governance across the nation.
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From page 64... ...
In the late 1980s, despite improved wastewater treatment in the New York metropolitan area and Connecticut, water quality in the sound deteriorated. Particularly notable was extreme hypoxia (low dissolved oxygen)
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From page 65... ...
The Rocky Shores Strategy, now part of the Oregon Territorial Sea Plan adopted as part of the Oregon CMP, contains overall goals and policies and addresses the natural resources and management issues of each site, including rocky cliffs, rocky intertidal sites and associated submerged rocks and reefs, and offshore rocks and reefs. The management strategy was accompanied by a campaign to increase public awareness and foster a sense of stewardship of rocky shore resources.
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From page 66... ...
Reasons for success orfailure: The San Francisco Bay Demonstration Project focused on providing tangible help for meeting specific needs, mostly by finding ways to overcome information fragmentation and the absence of data in these areas, thereby enhancing opportunities for realizing economic benefits from coastal resources. For example, more accurate and readily available bathymetry, navigation tools, and water level information made it possible for the Port of
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From page 67... ...
Success in fulfilling this role largely depends on the ability of NOS's local representatives to improvise and behave opportunistically by establishing relationships wherever local agencies are receptive to the idea rather than by attempting to follow a rigidly prescribed plan. The fact that NOS had
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From page 68... ...
and through a series of committees with broad stakeholder participation, the SMBRP developed a Comprehensive Conservation and Management Plan to provide regionally integrated information about compliance, risks to human health, the status of regional resources, and the success of restoration. The SMBRP held a series of planning workshops to prioritize issues and establish ground rules for revising existing monitoring programs.
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From page 69... ...
A large existing body of scientific information and empirical knowledge about the ecological system provided a firm basis for proposing revisions. SUMMARY OF THEMES Certain common themes have emerged from these examples of existing coastal and marine programs and activities: · Every situation is different in terms of historical background, initiating events, leadership style and capacity, scientific issues, natural resources, organizational structures and flexibility, and the availability of scientific information.
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From page 70... ...
Third, the principles implicitly pertain to larger-scale, more complete governance systems that have the ability to create these final outcomes. The common themes from the review of examples reflect the more fragmentary, piecemeal nature of real-world governance, which often focuses on a portion of the overall governance process.
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