Sex Segregation in the Workplace Trends, Explanations, Remedies (1984) / Chapter Skim
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1 Introduction
1 Introduction
Pages 1-8
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Although strictly speaking segregation denotes physical separation, it typically involves an institutionalized form of social distance between dominant and subordinate groups (Kuper, 1968:144~. Certainly racial segregation in this country entailed more than physical separation; not only did it reflect the belief that black children were not fit to associate with white children, but it also made other forms of unequal treatment possible.
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Although there are no industries so overwhelmingly female, in part because in even the most female-intensive industries men hold managerial posts, women constitute more than three-quarters of all workers in several industries, including direct sales, employment agencies, convalescent institutions, libraries, and apparel and fabricated textile manufacturing. In 1980 over 32 million workers were employed in industries whose work forces were at least 80 percent male or female, and slightly more than this number 11 million women and 22 million men worked in detailed census occupations in which at least 90 percent of the incumbents were of their own sex.i In addition, even within integrated industries, firms may employ only men or only women (see Bielby and Baron, in this volume)
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Empirical studies assessing the extent of occupational segregation have consistently confirmed high levels of segregation (Gross, 1968; Blau and Hendricks, 1979; Lloyd and Niemi, 1979; Williams, 1979; England, 19811. Despite dramatic changes in both the composition of the labor force and the occupational structure, segregation levels have been extraordinarily stable throughout the twentieth century.
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Thus, segregation indices computed for the 11 major census occupational groupings show considerably less segregation than do indices computed for detailed occupational categories. However, researchers have not had data sets that permit them to assess segregation levels within firms for a large number of establishments.
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The authors present results from their analysis of data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics on the duration of work experience, part-time work, and occupational sex composition that challenge predictions based on the human capital approach. Of special interest are analyses that cast doubt on the human capital assumption that skill depreciation and concomitant wage losses associated with time out of the labor force prompt women to eschew certain occupations.
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However, the data Waite and Berryman use were collected prior to 1978, when CETA reauthorization legislation maple sex equity an explicit program goal, as Wendy Wolfootes in her commentary (Chapter 17~.
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:65-72. Duncan, Otis Dudley, and Beverly Duncan 1955 A methodological analysis of segregation indices.
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