Technology for the United States Navy and Marine Corps, 2000-2035: Becoming a 21st-Century Force Volume 2: Technology (1997) / Chapter Skim
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9 FUTURE NAVAL FORCES AND THE OPERATING ENVIRONMENT
9 FUTURE NAVAL FORCES AND THE OPERATING ENVIRONMENT
Pages 282-299
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From page 282... ...
, increasingly sophisticated sensor fusion and filtering of data, and improved data display and assimilation tools (see Chapter 3, Information and Communications) , will provide Navy and Marine Corps decision makers with access to accurate and predictive battle space environment information.
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From page 283... ...
The real-time weather prediction made possible by this combination of massive database modeling and computational power will allow tactical users to anticipate events in real time and strategic planners to more accurately predict seasonal weather. Meteorological Thrusts On the meteorological side, the current major emphasis of Department of the Navy research conducted at the Naval Research Laboratory, Marine Meteorology Division, at Monterey, California, is on data assimilation for the Navy Operational Global Atmospheric Prediction System (NOGAPS)
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From page 284... ...
Expected increases in computing power, high-density data storage, and real-time sensor data will allow the necessary increases in both spatial and temporal resolution, with a concomitant increase in prediction reliability for such phenomena as localized rainfall, cyclone tracking, ocean wave height and direction, and coastal mesoscale issues. Forecasting ability has improved continuously since 1970, and expectations are that this trend will continue beyond the year 2000.i 2 These expectations are based on data that do not take into account the high-resolution satellite data now available, which should significantly increase cyclone predictability.
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From page 285... ...
In the medium term (5 to 10 years) , it should be possible to provide mesoand microscale weather information to users in the field, improved weather models with ocean/atmosphere interactions, high-resolution forecasts for battle-group and field users supported by high-resolution local observations via deployable sensors, correlation of local sensor data with atmospheric and ocean models to
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From page 286... ...
SPACE WEATHER PREDICTION The space environment around Earth, known as the magnetosphere/ionosphere system, can have adverse effects on naval communications, navigation, and weapons systems. The ONR and NRL conduct research on space phenomena, but the Department of the Navy generally does not field operational sensors that collect environmental data that can be used in space weather forecasting.
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From page 287... ...
Electronics on orbiting space platforms are affected by the radiation dose and the naturally occurring variations in these energetic particles. Charging of dielectrics to several thousands of volts under certain space environment conditions can occur with subsequent discharges and permanent damage to sensitive electronics.
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From page 288... ...
using daily surface weather fields including those obtained from the European Forecasting Center. Despite this excellent capability, naval forces in the future must have real-time access to the output of a global model driven by current input data on (1)
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From page 289... ...
For example, off Peru, one might find water depths of 100 m within 100 m offshore, whereas near deltas off the southern United States, depths of only 10 to 20 m might be found 10 km from shore. A thorough understanding and modeling of near-shore littoral waters is critically important for future naval forces.
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From page 290... ...
The actual shape of the bottom and its capacity to reconfigure are also significant. Tomorrow's naval forces will have access to large-scale ocean models capable of accurately predicting off-shore currents needed for boundary conditions and will have accurate large-scale weather modeling for atmospheric boundary values of such phenomena as wind stress, heat flux, and solar radiation.
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From page 291... ...
These, along with inexpensive and plentiful mines, pose serious threats to naval forces in shallow water. Special attention needs to be directed toward pattern recognition and signal recognition of moving and stationary objects in shallow water.
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From page 292... ...
Waste management alternatives such as waste minimization, pollution prevention, recycling, and waste use and reuse, when used in conjunction with innovative technological advances, can offer a variety of options to ensure the effective management of the Navy's shipboard solid, liquid, gaseous, and hazardous waste. Several recent reports by the National Research Councils 7 on shipboard waste management summarize currently available and near-term waste management technologies.
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From page 293... ...
Waste Minimization A primary goal of any waste management system that must operate in a closed and contained environment, such as in Navy vessel operations, is to have a logistics system in place that minimizes the production of waste. To help facilitate this goal, all shipboard supplies and maintenance procedures should be evaluated in terms of the types and quantities of wastes generated, and a thorough study should be conducted to see if other options such as process changes, engineering design changes, product or packaging specification, or substitution can accomplish the same goal while simultaneously reducing the waste stream.
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From page 294... ...
The discharged filtered water has waste concentrations below 15 ppm, within the current acceptable discharge limit. The removed dried solid material may be incinerated, eliminating the ocean discharge of the food waste, graywater, and sewage streams.
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From page 295... ...
Some of the methods now in various stages of development are supercritical water oxidation, high-pressure hydrothermal processing, electrochemical oxidation, semiconductor photocatalysis, ozonation, electrohydraulic cavitation, plasma arc thermal conversion, pulsedpower cold plasma reactors, and advanced incinerator designs. In addition to factors such as process efficiency and throughput and emissions that must be considered for any disposal technique, other factors unique to Navy vessels that must be considered include power requirements (a net power producer, if possible)
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From page 296... ...
Fuel cells for clean oxidation with few environmental byproducts and solar cells for direct electrical energy production are two alternative energy sources that have been under development for several decades. Compact, high-density fuel cells, based on immobilized enzymatic redox reactions for power storage, should be available in the near term.
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From page 297... ...
Over the next several decades the proliferation of quiet, capable, and effective submarines through foreign sales and indigenous manufacture may result in even more reliance on active acoustics. As a result, the issue of compliance with environmental laws will almost certainly be a major problem for the future naval forces unless mitigation measures are undertaken.
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From page 298... ...
· The Department of the Navy should monitor and contribute to the development of space-based remote sensors, such as magnetospheric imagers, and Earth-based sensors that monitor the sun and the ionosphere to provide reasonable lead times in forecasting disturbances in space weather. · Development of a robust computer model of the sun and interplanetary space, driven by real-time sensor data, should be a high priority within the DOD, and should be encouraged by the Navy Department, to permit reasonably accurate forecasts of ionospheric scintillation.
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From page 299... ...
To mitigate risks to the environment and to shipboard personnel, greater emphasis in reducing and handling a variety of waste streams associated with naval operations is a pressing need. Where possible, successful land-based applications of waste minimization and treatment technologies should be adapted for shipboard operations.
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