Technology for the United States Navy and Marine Corps, 2000-2035: Becoming a 21st-Century Force Volume 2: Technology (1997) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
3 INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS
3 INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS
Pages 63-103
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 63... ...
MILITARY CONTEXT Many studies of future military needs and capabilities have made the following points, which are reiterated here because they informed the panel's deliberations as it considered information and communications technologies for the Navy and Marine Corps of the future: · The size of the military will decrease hence more will have to be accomplished with fewer people, platforms, weapons, and supporting systems. · The nature of military missions will become increasingly more varied, with many crisis situations being of short duration and high intensity, and occurring simultaneously with other operations.
|
From page 64... ...
These layers together provide cognitive support for distributed collaboration, which is in the outermost layer. The issues of offensive and defensive information warfare, illustrated in Figure 3.2 as bugs in the system, ultimately pervade the entire set of technologies as they work together to provide a knowledge-rich environment for the warfighter.
|
From page 65... ...
The challenge for the Department of the Navy is to ensure that these goals can be met for situations unique to naval forces such as cooperative engagement. FIGURE 3.2 The layers of elements that make up information technologies.
|
From page 66... ...
Future Impact of Technology Trends on Naval Operations Higher-bandwidth interaction will enable widely distributed individuals to meet and understand time-critical information in a shared electronic environment that provides an adequate illusion of shared presence. Future command centers will exploit a range of technologies that are now under development in both commercial and military sectors, including speech recognition and synthesis, high-resolution projection displays (two- and three-dimensional)
|
From page 67... ...
Time Scale for Development and Insertion Military use of distributed collaboration technology is currently under way and is benefiting greatly from rapid commercial growth. The key issues that must be addressed in the use of commercial technologies are difficult and will require significant R&D to overcome.
|
From page 68... ...
Major gains are achieved only when new processes are developed to take advantage of the new technologies. Foreign Technology Status and Trends Significant resources are being allocated in Europe and Japan to develop tools and infrastructure to support distributed collaboration for commercial business.
|
From page 69... ...
Technology Status and Trends The Department of the Navy uses human interface technology in commandand-control systems, weapons system interfaces, mission planning aids, simulators, training, logistics, missile guidance, intelligence information access, as well as the traditional administrative functions. The majority of human system interfaces in use today are based on the windows, icons, mouse, pointer (WIMP)
|
From page 70... ...
The commercial world will drive the development of enabling technologies such as displays and CPU performance. It is unlikely, however, that sufficient effort will be aimed either at the basic science underlying human interaction or at the specific application of new technologies to the Navy Department domain.
|
From page 71... ...
technology is beginning to be developed for naval applications (other than training) and will accelerate within the next 5 years as more immersive displays and more stable tracking systems are developed commercially.
|
From page 72... ...
Future Impact of Technology Trends on Naval Operations In the future there will be extensive use of better agents in a wide range of areas. Speech and gesture recognition will be used as a common human-system interface along with head-mounted virtual-reality displays.
|
From page 73... ...
The Department of the Navy must collaborate with other elements of the DOD to help in developing the necessary standards or at least a useful level of interoperability across ontologies and knowledge representations. The Department of the Navy must then do the application domain work for itself; coupled with work in software architecture, this will allow the Navy Department to conduct intelligent acquisition, guiding vendors in exactly the direction it needs, with each acquisition complementing the others.
|
From page 74... ...
These include logistics, resource allocation, inventory planning, mission planning, force structures selection, creation of the master target list for air campaigns, and so on. A significant amount of planning and decisionmaking will be done by distributed collaborating teams.
|
From page 75... ...
Current Impact of Technology Trends on Naval Operations The Commander in Chief, Pacific (CINCPAC) has participated in several advanced technology demonstrations testing software to aid in distributed collaboration.
|
From page 76... ...
Time Scale for Development and Insertion The DARPA-sponsored research coupled to commercial efforts can be leveraged more effectively to meet naval force needs if the Department of the Navy establishes a testbed to facilitate the continuing identification of metrics and collection of data from the experimental use of decision-support technology. With such a testbed in place, it should be possible to increase the rate at which new operational capabilities are introduced into the fleet.
|
From page 77... ...
Software is dominant in almost every type of system the Department of the Navy uses, from administrative software for payroll, inventory control, and health care to the mission-critical software for command and control, surveillance, intelligence gathering, and processing of imagery. With so much functionality and cost contributed by software, it is vital that the naval forces take the best advantage of current technology trends.
|
From page 78... ...
Today only a handful of commercially available spreadsheets systems prevail. The goal, then, is to extend these examples and develop reusable software modules for command and control, mission planning, and the like.
|
From page 79... ...
Domain Analysis Another trend that builds on all of those noted above is domain-analysis and domain-oriented software development, which involves planning for reuse at the
|
From page 80... ...
In the area of scheduling, for example, software has been generated in a fraction of the time needed to generate it by hand, and it has produced schedules that were 10 times faster than those of the software that was manually constructed. Domain analysis is required to identify functions that may warrant automatic software generation.
|
From page 81... ...
Future Impact of Technology Trends on Naval Operations Software engineering is expected to become more component based with the ability to dynamically configure systems for the task at hand. Future systems will likely be more distributed and agent-based and will have more flexible coupling between modules.
|
From page 82... ...
After domain analysis begins, beneficial results could be realized for any application domain in 2 to 3 years. Foreign Technology Status and Trends As indicated above, the one area where European technology, in particular, is ahead of the United States is that of formal proofs and high-assurance software.
|
From page 83... ...
With INMARSAT, for example, the shore termination is to the public switched telephone networks. Use of commercial equipment and standards as well as networks is a natural development.
|
From page 84... ...
This trend is assumed to continue and implies continued or expanded interconnection to public switched telephone networks and available channel rates in the near mid term (3 to 5 years) of at least 64 kbps for data, facsimile, and moderate-quality video conferencing on all ships.
|
From page 85... ...
Relevance Nontraditional missions, budget pressures, reduced manning, compressed decision time lines, and reduced margins for error combine to produce extraordinary pressures for communications improvements. Technology advances, whether in the military or commercial sectors, offer valuable potential.
|
From page 86... ...
Rapid advances in communications technology are currently paced by commercial interests, and in many areas commercial technology is more advanced than that used in the military arena. For example, ordinary cellular phones can access public switched telephone networks and, by extension, such public networks worldwide.
|
From page 87... ...
Real-time operating orders and mission coordination are critical requirements, especially in stress periods when jamming may be present and commercial networks congested. Communications technology trends should have a favorable impact on Navy objectives of increased efficiency and reduced manning through more effective coordination of replenishment, repair, and personnel matters.
|
From page 88... ...
A second SHF-to-UHF cross-banded broadcast channel, but with higher capacity than the present fleet broadcast channel, might be part of a solution in the shore-to-ship direction. In the meantime, signal processing and much reduced channel rates could provide a modest degree of protection in the ship-to-shore direction, where uplink power is limited.
|
From page 89... ...
Foreign Technology Status and Trends Communications technology is very much a global development effort and capability is largely equal among the developed countries. Ironically, the status of commercial communications in some developing countries is more advanced because of the absence of previously installed infrastructure.
|
From page 90... ...
Designing, procuring, and deploying such a system would likely require most of another decade, ending in the 2015 to 2020 time frame. Summary and Recommendations Naval communications, like commercial communications, has progressed in recent years from basic voice and messaging to additional functionality, such as facsimile, other than imagery and video conferencing, which requires higher channel rates.
|
From page 91... ...
2. Investigate and test newly developing SatCom alternatives for obtaining global access to public switched telephone networks to augment DOD SatCom facilities for general-purpose voice, data, and fax needs.
|
From page 92... ...
. Emerging transmitter technologies capable of generating extremely high peak power ultrawide-band radio-frequency impulse signals pose a significant threat of disruption of microelectronic digital systems.
|
From page 93... ...
Clearly the viability of information systems in use today, in both the civilian and military activities, is of considerable concern in light of IW threats particularly as they are exploited by other nations that might be potential adversaries of the United States. Categories of Computer and Information System Disruption To establish the context for introducing the emerging disruption technology associated with very high peak power UWB RF impulse technologies, the scope of the variety of major computer and information system disruptions is described below.
|
From page 94... ...
Time bomb. Similar to the logic bomb, this type of software program waits for a specific time to be realized and then executes.
|
From page 95... ...
, and as a subset of HPM, the very high peak power UWB RF impulse signals. UWB RF impulse signals have both an offensive (disruption capability)
|
From page 96... ...
, to ensure minimal disruption of government systems resulting from improper use of allocated frequencies. Electronic Warfare Signals Electronic warfare has been an effective warfighting technology for some time.
|
From page 97... ...
nuclear test programs raised the feasibility of developing nonnuclear HPM sources to destroy electronic systems. This concept encouraged a wide range of DODsupported R&D activities in HPM transmitter developments, with research carried out in both government and industrial laboratories.
|
From page 98... ...
UWB RF impulse transmitters generate extremely high peak power signals, whereas most HPM transmitters attempt to generate high-average-power signals. Also because of the small-size, lightweight nature of the UWB RF impulse transmitters, they are more readily deployable than are HPM transmitters.
|
From page 99... ...
They also appear to be the only RF disruption technology compact enough to be deployed on satellites. Information Warfare Related to Space The possibility of conducting offensive IW actions against space systems has been considered, including interfering with the functioning of ground terminals and interfering with the functioning of satellites by using ground-based HPM systems.
|
From page 100... ...
The Department of the Navy should establish close working relationships with the recently formed presidential commission for the protection of critical infrastructure and undertake, where appropriate, cooperative efforts to protect infrastructure critical to naval operations, even though such infrastructure may be in the commercial sector. Time Scale for Development and Insertion There are some defensive and offensive IW prototype concepts involving the
|
From page 101... ...
3. UWB RF impulse signals have the potential to pose a very serious threat to the cyber portion of the critical infrastructure.
|
From page 102... ...
The Department of the Navy should develop offensive information and electronic warfare technologies to find, identify, and attack adversary systems and to strengthen naval systems. Specific recommendations regarding IW are as follows: · The segment of the Navy Department that is involved in and concerned about the survivability of the its information and communications systems should become familiar with possible disruption threats associated with UWB RF impulse signals.
|
From page 103... ...
· The Department of the Navy should encourage its own intelligence activities as well as National-level7 intelligence activities to make it a high priority to track the proliferation of UWB RF impulse technologies. · The Department of the Navy should make every effort to enter into cooperative activities in support of the recently formed presidential commission for protection of critical national infrastructure components as their protection will ensure that naval force uses will continue to be robust in times of military conflicts.
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.