What Is America Eating? Proceedings of a Symposium (1986) / Chapter Skim
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Nutritional Status of the U.S. Population: Iron, Vitamin C, and Zinc
Nutritional Status of the U.S. Population: Iron, Vitamin C, and Zinc
Pages 21-40
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S Population: Iron, Vitamin C, and Zinc CATHERINE WOTEKI, CLIFFORD JOHNSON, Ad ROBERT MURPHY Conclusions can be drawn about the nutritional status of Americans by relating data on selected indicators of nutritional status to data on food consumption from two federal surveys: the second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES II)
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population's health and nutritional status and, by comparing the data with results of earlier surveys, to learn how this status has changed over time. The NHANES lI sample consisted of 27,801 persons from 64 geographical locations in the United States.
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Data from the second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (FASEB, 1984a)
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Data from the second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (FASEB, 1984a)
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for iron (NRC, 19801. Children aged 1 through ~ years, males aged 9 through 18 years, and females aged 9 through 64 years had mean intakes below the RDA (Figure 4~.
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Data from NHANES 11 By using data from NHANES it, one can identify and characterize subgroups of the population with low serum vitamin C Diet, smoking habits, and other lifestyle factors that affect serum vitamin C levels can be examined.
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FIGURE 5 Mean serum vitamin C levels of Americans, by age and sex, 1976-1980. Unpublished data from the second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
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· oral contraceptive use · dietary intake of vitamin C · frequency of consuming foods rich in vitamin C · fasting or nonfasting examination status · morning or afternoon examination · pregnancy status Many of these characteristics were found to be significantly related to serum vitamin C Because of the relatively high percentage of low serum vitamin C levels in adults and because of differences between males and females, we characterized the population aged 20 through 74 years by cigarette-smoking status, dietary supplement use, and poverty Status.
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smokers nonsmokers Ages 45~64 FIGURE 7 Current cigarette-smoking status and dietary supplement usage of Americans, by age group, measured as a percentage of the population, 1976-1980. Unpublished data from the second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
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Low serum vitamin C is defined as less than 0.25 mg/dl. Unpublished data from the second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
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Because serum vitamin C reflects dietary intake, we used this measure to determine the vitamin C content of the diets of males and females classified by cigarette smoking and supplement use. Figure 11 shows Cat for median vitamin C intake based on a single 24-hour recall among males, regular supplement users had higher dietary levels~than did Regular or nonusers within each age and smoking status category.
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Unpublished data from the second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 110 100 ~ 90 ~ 80 ye C 70 ._ Cal 60 ._ I: 50 40 44 £= ~ ToCurrent cigarette smokers Ages 20-44 -r ;;.;~ Regular t: A: ~ supplement user ~ ~ Irregular or nonuser of supplements 86 ......
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Unpublished data from the second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. 80 y lo o 60 lo E 0 40 y ._ ~ 20 ._ ._ o - 27 Regular supplement 25 Irregular or nonuser of supplements ~5 39 60 __ 41 , ~ ~ _ _ ~ ~ _ Other smokers/ Current cigarette smokers 77 _ ~ Other smokers/ nonsmokers 61 Current cigarette smokers nonsmokers Ages 20-44 Ages 45-74 FIGURE 14 Median vitamin C intake per 1,QOO kcal of American females aged 20 through 74 years (pregnant women excluded)
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A low serum vitamin C level indicates a low or inadequate intake of vitamin C, probably with low tissue reserves present. On He basis of this indicator, we have identified the following subpopulations win lifestyles that place Rem at high risk for poor vitamin C nutritional status: · consumers of diets Hat are low in vitamin C because of infrequent consumption of vitamin C-rich foods and low vitamin C density of these diets, · cigarette smokers, · irregular or noncons~uners of vitamin or mineral supplements, and · He poor.
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, 1977-1978a , Percentage of RDA Category All persons: Males and females: 1 year 1-8 years Males 9-18 years 19-64 years —65 years Females: 9-18 years 19-64 years 265 years Poverty status and race: Above poverty, white Above poverty, black Below poverty, white Below poverty, black Region: Northeast North central South West Urbanization: Central city Suburban Nonmetropolitan Season: Spring Sununer Fall Winter 147 226 166 174 145 153 152 128 150 149 152 125 138 160 147 131 159 152 153 136 151 152 140 146 aUnpublished data from the Nationwide Food Consumption Survey.
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Although at the time of the survey serum zinc was recognized as an inadequate measure for the definitive assessment of zinc nutritional status, the Centers for Disease Control wanted to test whether conditions could be maintained for trace element determinations in a large field survey. The ESWG, in which evaluations of iron nutriture were based on data from NHANES II, also made observations on zinc nutriture (FASEB, 1984b)
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FIGURE 16 Percentage of Americans with 1QW serum zinc levels, by sex and age. Data from the second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (FASEB, 1984)
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Population Based on Data Collected in the Second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1976-1980. Life Sciences Research Office.
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U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
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