What Is America Eating? Proceedings of a Symposium (1986) / Chapter Skim
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Snacking and Eating Away from Home
Snacking and Eating Away from Home
Pages 91-125
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From page 91... ...
The NFCS has also indicated that magnesium and vitamin B6 may be problem nutrients (Carroll et al., 1983; USDA, 19841. The extent to which the reported average low-level intakes reflect a national health threat is difficult to determine; however, it is prudent to monitor continually estimated intake levels of problem nutrients and associated food consumption patterns.
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From page 92... ...
For example, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and various cancers have been linked to dietary intake patterns (Kornitzer et al., 1979; McGill, 1979; McGill and Mott, 1976; Pooling Project Research Group, 1978; Shekelle et al., 1981~. If demographic and lifestyle trends can be linked to significant changes in food consumption pattems, and the associated dietary intake differences can be linked to the incidence of chronic diseases, then implications of nutrition education and research programs will have more direct effects on food and health policy.
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From page 93... ...
The independent variables in the regressions were selected and evaluated as follows. Per capita annual income was hypothesized to have a positive relationship with snack consumption.
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From page 94... ...
It was also hypothesized that more snacking may occur in summer months than in other seasons because eating schedules are generally less routine during this period, especially for children and teenagers. The impact of snack consumption on diet quality was assessed by calculating the average daily intake of selected dietary components for groups of people classified by age and sex as well as by the number of snacks consumed during 3 surveyed days.
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From page 95... ...
This final step in the analysis consisted of partitioning the total sample into away-from-home meal consumers and at-home meal consumers and regressing previously specified explanatory variables on the percentage of total caloric intake obtained from consumed snacks. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION FOR SNACKING Identification of Persons Who Snacked Table 1 provides estimated regression coefficients relating selected household and personal characteristics to numbers of snacks consumed during 3 days surveyed for the total sample and for seven selected agesex subsamples.
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From page 96... ...
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From page 98... ...
Diet Quality of Snackers Tables 2 and 3 provide mean daily intake levels of dietary components for each of the age-sex groups when partitioned by the numbers of snacks consumed during 3 surveyed days. (See Analyses section for the five partitions by number of snacks.
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From page 101... ...
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From page 102... ...
That is, with the exception of cholesterol, there were increased levels of intake for all dietary components with increased numbers of snacks consumed. Furtherrnore, with increased numbers of snacks consumed, there was a decreased percentage of total caloric intake from fat (41 .4%, 41 .5%, 41 .3%, 40.0%, and 38.7% for each partition, respectively)
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From page 103... ...
Although average sodium intakes for each of the five groups were within the ESA range, these average intakes did not include discretionary salt. As with other age-sex groups, the percentage of total caloric intake from refined carbohydrate increased with increasing snack consumption.
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From page 104... ...
For all groups, average cholesterol intakes were excessive, sodium intakes were within the ESA range, average iron intakes were equal to or greater than the RDA, and average vitamin B6 and magnesium intakes were less than the respective RDAs. Although fat intakes were significantly higher for the snackers, the percentage of caloric intake from fat was highest for the men who snacked the fewest times (42 2%)
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From page 105... ...
Although grams of fat consumed generally increased with increased snack consumption, these increases were not as large as those for total sugar consumption. For most of the age-sex groups, increased snack consumption was related to decreased proportions of total caloric intake obtained from fat.
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From page 107... ...
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From page 108... ...
The positive relationship between per capita income and numbers of meals consumed away from home is consistent with previous research (Bunch and Hall, 1983; Lippert and Love, in press; Redman, 1980; Smallwood and Blaylock, 19811. Household size did not have a strong impact on away-fromhome food consumption patterns.
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From page 109... ...
Tables 6 and 7 provide component intake levels for each of the agesex groups partitioned by the numbers of meals consumed away from home. For children, there were no significant differences in their cholesterol, vitamin B6, iron, or magnesium intake levels for away-from-home food consumption patterns.
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From page 113... ...
Average calcium intakes were less than the RDA, but were highest for those who consumed seven or more meals away from home and lowest for those who consumed no meals away from home. Average fat, cholesterol, sodium, and total sugar intakes were highest for female adolescents who consumed seven or more meals away from home and lowest for those who consumed no meals away from home.
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From page 114... ...
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From page 116... ...
In general, average cholesterol intakes were appropriate, average sodium intakes were within the ESA range, and iron intakes were adequate; however, all groups of elderly females had average intakes of calcium, vitamin B6, and magnesium that were lower than the recommended amounts. Dietary Component intake from Meals Consumed Away from Home.
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From page 117... ...
In summary, away-from-home meal consumption had somewhat different effects on diet quality for different age groups. Although increased away-from-home meal consumption by children generally provided easily observable increased intakes of food energy, fat, sodium, and total sugar, these intake patterns also provided proportionate (in relation to food energy intake)
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From page 118... ...
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From page 119... ...
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From page 120... ...
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION FOR COMBINED ANALYSIS OF SNACKING AND EATING AWAY FROM HOME Table 9 provides estimated regression coefficients when away-fromhome meal consumption was included as an additional independent variable, influencing the percentage of calories obtained from snack consumption. Comparison of results in Table 1 with results in Table 9 shows that most of the beta coefficients remained the same in sign and significance.
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From page 121... ...
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From page 123... ...
CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Snacking and eating away from home are two common food consumption patterns in the United States. Therefore, knowing who in the population exhibits these eating patterns and how these two eating patterns influence nutritional well-being is of importance to government policymakers, educators, and health-related professionals.
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From page 124... ...
1983. Away from home food consumption practices and nutrient intakes of young adults.
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From page 125... ...
Spring 1977. Nationwide Food Consumption Survey 1977-78.
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