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From page 307... ... , 91, 93, 96, 99 defined, 86 reproductive history, 67 school quality, 81, 82, 117, 119 socioeconomic factors, 67 South Africa, 139, 156, 157 see also Educational attainment; Literacy; Age factors Mathematics achievement/numeracy Adolescents, 15, 70-71, 156, 186, 191 academic achievement, 81, 82, 86-89 (passim) , 91, 93, 96, 99 cognitive factors, 81, 82, 86, 99 contraception, 84, 92 cultural factors, 81, 91, 97-98 family factors, 182, 183, 186 gender factors, 80-81, 84-85, 86, 87-99 Kenya, 82, 84, 87-88, 90, 92, 95, 99 knowledge factors, 84, 90, 91-92, 96, 97, 98 teen pregnancy, 81, 85, 209-210, 221-222, 233, 295 dropouts, 10, 83, 85, 105, 130, 185 307 transition to adulthood, 80- 104 defined, 81 see also Secondary education Africa, 2, 5, 9, 12, 37, 181, 184 adolescents' transition to adulthood, 81-82, 85, 87 family planning programs, 32-33, 36 spousal factors, 14 unintended pregnancies, 223 see also Sub-Saharan Africa; specific countries childbearing age, 83, 84, 121, 199, 209-210 dropouts, 68, 229 economic models, school quality, 116 South Africa, 149, 152-153, 154-156, 160, 163, 166, 168, 169, 170, 172, 191-192, 194, 195, 198, 199, 200 marriage, age at, 2, 5, 25, 84, 270 employment influences, 41 mass education, 31 post-secondary education, 30 primary education and, 28, 82-83 secondary education, 39, 83 Read the entire page →
From page 308... ... , 223 adolescents' transition to adulthood, 84, 92 educational attainment and, 10-11, 28, 57 individual-level data, 25 mass media role, 71-74 modern forms, 1, 2, 5, 10-11, 71-74, 267 primary education and, 28 school environment, 84, 92 traditional forms, 10- 11, 71 postpartum abstinence, 4, 11, 55, 267 Costs and cost-effectiveness, 56, 186 child-rearing, 29-30, 36, 39, 41, 42, 55, 56, 58, 59, 166, 182, 251, 293, 295 utility maximization models, 110-113, 136-137, 183, 219, 255-260 Read the entire page →
From page 309... ... methodological drawbacks, 23-25, 66 schooling and rationality, 36 social aspects of education, 52 unintended pregnancies, 216, 222-233, 237, 239-265 Cultural factors, 6-7, 26-28, 37-38, 44-45, 181, 185, 271 adolescents' transition to adulthood, 81, 91, 97-98 anthropological studies, 49, 50, 52, 55, 57 75, 188,209,210,268 contraception, traditional forms, 10-11, 71 postpartum abstinence, 4, 11, 55, 267 educational attainment, general, 26, 28, 45, 181 education in context of, 6, 44-45, 53, 55, 57-58, 91-92, 97 gender roles, general, 91-93, 271-272 literacy and, 9, 71 knowledge in traditional cultures, 6, 49, 91 92, 97 marriage, 16- 17, 185, 271 -272 see also Cross-country/cultural studies; Local factors; Modernity/ development; Social factors Curriculum, 15, 35, 61, 63, 83, 89-93 (passim) , 106, 107, 124, 127 hidden vs overt, 41 learning vs teaching, 53-54 see also Textbooks 309 D Death rates, see Infant mortality Decision making, 26, 36, 53, 139, 184 female autonomy, 10, 13, 26, 27, 39-40, 57, 81, 268-269 marriage, egalitarian marriages, 57-58 family factors, 16-17, 84, 274, 275, 277(n.14) Read the entire page →
From page 310... ... , 124, 128, 130, 136-137 employment and, 109, 110, 113, 166 167, 183, 187-188 family factors, 107, 108, 109, 115 knowledge factors, 106, 124-125, 126, 128, 130, 131 local factors, 115, 121, 126, 130 measurement error, 106, 114, 115-116, 118, 119, 120, 126, 130 parents, 110-115 (passim) , 121 reproductive goals, 121, 123-126, 127 130, 139 socioeconomic status, 106- 110 (passim) Read the entire page →
From page 311... ... post-secondary, 242-243, 250 primary, 227, 228, 241, 242-245, 250 secondary, 227, 228, 232, 240-245, 250, 265-266 wages and, 157, 158 see also Academic achievement; Literacy; Post-secondary education; Primary education; School leavers; Secondary education Egypt, 216, 222-233, 237, 239-251, 265-266 Emotional factors, 26, 81, 183 female autonomy, 10, 13, 26, 27, 39-40, 57, 81, 268-269 unintended pregnancies, 222, 261-263 see also Attitudes Employment factors, 10, 14, 16, 25, 27, 40-42, 43, 56, 165, 166 apprenticeships, 9, 50, 51, 53, 58 attitudes, 1, 42, 111 economic models, 109, 110, 113 educational attainment and, 39, 40-44 (passim) , 109, 110, 113, 139, 184 South Africa, 157, 165, 166-167, 187188, 197, 200, 205, 209 gender factors, 184 local factors, 166-167, 183, 187-188 marriage and, 31, 39, 159 post-secondary education, 30, 44 primary education, 40-41, 42 school quality, economic model of outcomes, 109, 110, 113 secondary education, 39, 41, 42, 44 see also Wages and salaries Read the entire page →
From page 312... ... theory, behavioral, 182, 183, 186 traditional values, 55-57, 60, 65, 84 see also Fathers; Household studies; Parents and parental factors; Spousal factors INDEX Family planning comprehension skills and, 14, 16 cost effectiveness, 33, 217 economic models, 140, 142, 167, 173, 182, 185-187, 221 egalitarian marriages, 58 female autonomy and, 40 fertility knowledge, 5, 124-125, 126, 128, 131, 240 formal programs, 26, 27, 31, 32-34, 35-36, 43, 129, 142, 187, 223, 234, 240, 265-266 individual welfare rationale, 217 school programs, 89-90, 93-94 South Africa, 140, 142, 167, 173 literacy and, 9 local factors, 35, 128, 142, 223 unintended pregnancies, family planning as factor in model, 216, 218, 223, 234, 240 see also Contraception; Reproductive goals Family size, 2, 6, 25, 36, 57, 188, 222 excess fertility, 13, 16, 36, 84, 216-265 defined, 217, 224, 235-236 mass education and, 13, 43 post-secondary education, 29 rural areas, 68 secondary education and, 29 South Africa, 161, 195, 198, 200 see also Reproductive goals Fathers, 14, 186, 188, 209, 210 unintended pregnancies, reaction to, 222, 224, 238(n.19) Fertility transition, 4, 5, 40, 55, 74, 275, 280, 297, 303 South Africa, 138, 142, 143, 173, 184 unwanted pregnancies/excess fertility, 249251 Finland, 222 G Gender roles, 3, 15, 39, 75, 91-93, 186, 191, 194 adolescent transition to adulthood, 80-81, 84-85, 86, 87-99 cultural factors, general, 91-93, 271-272 modernity, 92, 98 Read the entire page →
From page 313... ... INDEX educational attainment differentials, 17, 270 family factors, 278-279, 281 spousal, 26, 27, 30, 39, 44, 277-278 employment, 184 female autonomy, 10, 13, 26, 27, 39-40, 57, 81, 268-269 female teachers as role models, 41, 90 knowledge factors, 96 reproductive goals, 279-281 rural areas, 68-69, 75 school policy/quality, 17, 83-84, 86, 87-99 son preference, 39 unintended pregnancies, 222, 224, 237-238, 239, 246-247 see Men; Spousal factors Geographic factors, see Local factors; Rural populations; Urban populations; specific countries and world regions Ghana, 9, 105, 128-129 Government role abortion, illegal, 223 China, 26, 33 excessive fertility, 262 family planning programs, 26, 27, 32-34, 35-36, 43, 129, 142, 187, 223, 234, 240, 265-266 individual welfare rationale, 217 school programs, 89-90, 93-94 South Africa, 140, 142, 167, 173 mandatory education, 12; see also Mass education nature of/rationale for, 132, 183-185, 188, 209,210,216,218,293,297 poor areas, funding, 87 schooling funding, 2, 32, 115, 126, 209 South Africa, 139-140, 142, 148, 151, 154, 157, 182, 209, 211, 291 see also Political/ideological factors Guinea, 94 H Health care services, 6, 59 abortion, 71, 72, 85, 221, 222(n.6) , 223 cognitive factors, 30-31, 56 skills in use of, 30, 43 see also Family planning, formal programs 313 Health practices, 181 see also Contraception; Family planning; Reproductive behavior Higher education, see Post-secondary education Historical perspectives Africa, 184 contraception, 71-74 individual-level data, 25 Latin America, 4 literacy, 7-8 mass education, 66-67 research trends, 1, 4, 6-7, 23, 55, 287-290, 298-300 South Africa, 140-143, 194 Hong Kong, 40 Household studies, 16, 41, 138-180, 183 economic models, 16, 110, 120, 126, 138180, 182-212 South Africa, 130, 131, 138-180, 181, 187212, 276 Human Sciences Research Council, 140 Husbands, see Spousal factors I Ideational influences, 38-39 Income, see Poverty; Socioeconomic status; Wages and salaries India, 84, 126 mass education, 32 spousal factors, 14, 270-273, 277 unintended pregnancies, 222 Individualism female autonomy, 10, 13, 26, 27, 39-40, 57, 81, 268-269 literacy and, 8 Individual-level data, 6, 10, 25, 30 cognitive benefits, economic model, 108, 109 contraception, 25 secondary education, 29 unintended pregnancies, 234 see also Behavioral factors; Emotional factors Indonesia, 3, 4, 29, 126 Read the entire page →
From page 314... ... 6, 49, 91-92, 97 fertility knowledge, 5, 124-125, 126, 128, 131, 240 gender factors, 96 model of education, 14-15, 26, 31, 35, 44 school quality, economic models, 106, 124 125, 126, 128, 130, 131 teacher, 90 travel time to school, 241, 244 see also Literacy Korea, 30 L Language factors, 59-60, 64-66 familial involvement, 65-66 formal education and acquisition, 59-65 see also Literacy INDEX Latin America, 3, 4 developed economies, 3 historical perspectives, 4 mass education, 32 secondary education, 28-29 see also specific countries Legal issues abortion, 223 mandatory education, 12; see also Mass education Liberia, 3, 33 Literacy, 1, 3, 7-9, 15-16, 34-35, 43, 55, 60, 71, 75, 187 cultural factors, 9, 71 economic models, factor in, 106, 124, 128, 130 South Africa, 170-172, 177-181, 189, 191, 211 social factors, 9, 59, 60-66 spousal factors, 270-271, 272, 277, 278, 279 Local factors, 8, 9, 13, 28, 51-52, 55, 65-67, 87, 105, 268(n.8) , 293, 298, 301 economic models, 181 - 187 school quality, 115, 121, 126, 130 South Africa, 16, 139, 142, 144, 145, 158, 160-163, 167-169, 172, 173, 174, 187-212 (passim) Read the entire page →
From page 315... ... , 239, 282 videotapes, 36 Mathematics achievement/numeracy, 34, 52, 106, 128, 130, 132, 170, 291 Measurement error income as proxy for household resources, 139, 145, 164-165, 172 school quality, economic models, 106, 114, 115-116, 118, 119, 120, 126, 130 selection effects, 7, 12-13, 119, 139, 157, 200 unintended pregnancies, 234, 247, 262 Medical care, see Health care services Media, see Mass media Men, 14, 28 economic assistance from, 14 high fertility demands of, 17 marriage, see Spousal factors 315 South Africa, 139 unintended pregnancies, reaction to, 222, 224 see also Fathers; Spousal factors Mentors, see Role models Methodology, see Measurement error; Models and modelling; Theory Mexico, 34, 57 Middle East, 5, 223 see also specific countries Models and modelling, 27 computer, 298 literacy, 8 see also Economic models; Theory Modernity/development, 1, 6, 8, 11, 12, 31, 37, 38, 50, 55, 57, 58, 182, 183, 288-290 adolescents' transition to adulthood, 81 contraception, 1, 2, 5, 10-11, 71-74, 267 defined, 10 female autonomy, 10, 13, 26, 27, 39-40, 57, 81, 268-269 gender roles, other, 92, 98 marriage and fertility, 276, 283 see also Fertility transition Morbidity and mortality, see Diseases and disorders; Infant mortality Morocco, 224 N National Family Health Survey (India) , 270, 272, 273, 277 Nepal, 34 Nigeria, 33, 88 Numeracy, see Mathematics achievement/ numeracy p Pakistan, 3, 43, 105 secondary education, 29 Parents and parental factors, 6, 59-60, 64-66, 187, 188 attitudes toward education, 6, 11- 13, 15, 29, 111, 112, 114, 115, 127-128, 185, 188, 210 Read the entire page →
From page 316... ... , 121 secondary education of children, 29 single parents, 188, 189, 198, 209, 210 unintended pregnancies, 241-243 see also Family factors; Fathers; Reproductive goals Philippines, 216, 222-233, 237, 239-251, 265 266 Political/ideological factors, 14, 38-39, 40, 66 75, 185 gender differences in schooling, 87(n.3) modernity/development, 1, 6, 8, 11, 12, 31, 37, 38, 50, 55, 57, 58, 182, 183, 288 290 adolescents' transition to adulthood, 81 contraception, 1, 2, 5, 10-11, 71-74 defined, 10 gender roles, 92, 98 marriage and fertility, 276, 283 parental connections, 115 research agenda, 1, 2, 5, 6, 8, 288-289, 290, 294-296, 302 South Africa, apartheid, 138, 139-140, 148, 154, 157, 189, 291 see also Bureaucracy; Mass education Post-secondary education, 14, 29-30, 44, 71, 188 employment and, 30, 44 family size and, 29 South Africa, 154, 200, 207 unintended pregnancies/excess fertility, 242-243, 250 INDEX Poverty low fertility rates and, 3 marriage and reproductive goals, 279-281 post-secondary education, 30 South Africa, 144, 187 - 191, 210 Primary education, 28, 33-35, 43, 60-71, 127 adolescents' transition to adulthood, 82 contraception and, 28 employment and, 40-41, 42 reproductive goals, 28, 26 South Africa, 151 unintended pregnancy/excessive fertility, 227, 228, 241, 244, 242-245, 250 see also Literacy; Mass education Problem solving, 15, 36, 52-53, 56, 66, 177-180 morbidity management, 9-10 socialized-actor theory, 6 unintended pregnancies/excess fertility, 219, 255-257 Project for Living Standards Development (South Africa) Read the entire page →
From page 317... ... , 124, 128, 130, 136-137 employment and, 109, 110, 113, 166 167, 183, 187-188 family factors, 107, 108, 109, 115 knowledge factors, 106, 124-125, 126, 128, 130, 131 local factors, 115, 121, 126, 130 measurement error, 106, 114, 115-116, 118, 119, 120, 126, 130 parents, 110-115 (passim) , 121 reproductive goals, 121, 123-126, 127 130, 139 socioeconomic status, 106- 110 (passim) Read the entire page →
From page 318... ... , 123 social class influences, 13, 26, 27 South Africa, 139, 145, 163-165, 168, 169, 170, 172 unintended pregnancies/excess fertility, 216, 218, 219, 221, 239-240, 242-243 see also Consumption patterns, economic models; Employment factors; Poverty; Wages and salaries South Africa, 15-16, 130, 138-215, 291 apartheid, 138, 139-140, 148, 154, 157, 189, 291 demographic factors, general, 138, 139-140, 148, 154, 157, 158-170, 172, 173174, 189, 291 family factors, 139, 145, 148, 158, 159, 165, 166, 174, 181-212 marriage, 140, 170 post-secondary education, 154, 200, 207 secondary education, 189-190, 199-201, 206-209 socioeconomic status, 139, 145, 163-165, 168, 169, 170, 172 poverty, 144, 187-191, 210 South Asia arranged marriages, 17 employment, 40-41 marriage and education attainment, 270-284 secondary education and employment, 44 spousal factors, 14, 270-273, 277 see also specific countries Read the entire page →
From page 319... ... , 239, 282 Tertiary education, see Post-secondary education Textbooks, 37, 83, 89, 93, 117, 119, 128, 129 Thailand, 5, 88, 222 Theory, 3-4, 7-9, 10, 288-290, 296-297, 303 anthropological, 49, 50, 52, 55, 57-71 autonomous process, education as, 49-50, 51, 66, 67 classification of theories, 23-24, 49-50 dose-response theory, 3-4, 15, 16, 64-75 education-fertility paradigm, 1-2, 4, 21 319 family behavior, 182, 183, 186 school quality, economic theory, 121-126 socialized actor, 6-7, 14-15, 49-57, 66, 67 unintended pregnancies/excess fertility, 219 see also Economic models; Models and modelling Togo, 94 U United Nations, 5, 94 University education, see Post-secondary education Unwanted/unintended pregnancies, 13, 16, 36, 84, 216-265 age factors, 220-221, 224, 226, 228-235, 238, 242 consumption patterns and, 255-260 cost factors, 218, 246, 262 defined, 217, 222, 223-224, 233-234 economic models, 217-221, 233-265 educational attainment, 222, 226, 233, 234, 236-263 (passim) post-secondary, 242-243, 250 primary, 227, 228, 241, 244, 242-245, 250 secondary, 227, 228, 232, 240-245, 250, 265-266 emotional factors, 222, 261-263 family planning, as factor in model, 216, 218, 223, 234, 240 fertility transition and, 249-251 gender roles, 222, 224, 237-238, 239, 246 247 Kenya, 216, 222-233, 237, 239-251, 265 266 local factors, 223, 228, 234, 240, 241, 262 marriage, 239 spousal factors, 238(n.19) Read the entire page →
From page 320... ... 320 spacing of births and, 247, 251, 256 timing of births and, 224, 247, 256, 261 urban populations, 14, 270-273, 277 Urban populations, 30, 32, 38, 44, 57, 70-71, 75, 142, 153, 156, 170 unintended pregnancies/excess fertility, 239, 240, 241, 244-245 Utility maximization models, 110-113, 136 137, 183, 219, 255-260 W Wages and salaries, 183 educational attainment, 157, 158 INDEX literacy vs. 16 South Africa, 157, 160-165, 169, 172, 197 World Fertility Surveys, 25, 290 z Zambia, 34 Zimbabwe, 5, 10, 142, 157-158, 185 Read the entire page →

From page 307...

... , 91, 93, 96, 99 defined, 86 reproductive history, 67 school quality, 81, 82, 117, 119 socioeconomic factors, 67 South Africa, 139, 156, 157 see also Educational attainment; Literacy; Age factors Mathematics achievement/numeracy Adolescents, 15, 70-71, 156, 186, 191 academic achievement, 81, 82, 86-89 (passim) , 91, 93, 96, 99 cognitive factors, 81, 82, 86, 99 contraception, 84, 92 cultural factors, 81, 91, 97-98 family factors, 182, 183, 186 gender factors, 80-81, 84-85, 86, 87-99 Kenya, 82, 84, 87-88, 90, 92, 95, 99 knowledge factors, 84, 90, 91-92, 96, 97, 98 teen pregnancy, 81, 85, 209-210, 221-222, 233, 295 dropouts, 10, 83, 85, 105, 130, 185 307 transition to adulthood, 80- 104 defined, 81 see also Secondary education Africa, 2, 5, 9, 12, 37, 181, 184 adolescents' transition to adulthood, 81-82, 85, 87 family planning programs, 32-33, 36 spousal factors, 14 unintended pregnancies, 223 see also Sub-Saharan Africa; specific countries childbearing age, 83, 84, 121, 199, 209-210 dropouts, 68, 229 economic models, school quality, 116 South Africa, 149, 152-153, 154-156, 160, 163, 166, 168, 169, 170, 172, 191-192, 194, 195, 198, 199, 200 marriage, age at, 2, 5, 25, 84, 270 employment influences, 41 mass education, 31 post-secondary education, 30 primary education and, 28, 82-83 secondary education, 39, 83

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From page 308...

... , 223 adolescents' transition to adulthood, 84, 92 educational attainment and, 10-11, 28, 57 individual-level data, 25 mass media role, 71-74 modern forms, 1, 2, 5, 10-11, 71-74, 267 primary education and, 28 school environment, 84, 92 traditional forms, 10- 11, 71 postpartum abstinence, 4, 11, 55, 267 Costs and cost-effectiveness, 56, 186 child-rearing, 29-30, 36, 39, 41, 42, 55, 56, 58, 59, 166, 182, 251, 293, 295 utility maximization models, 110-113, 136-137, 183, 219, 255-260

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From page 309...

... methodological drawbacks, 23-25, 66 schooling and rationality, 36 social aspects of education, 52 unintended pregnancies, 216, 222-233, 237, 239-265 Cultural factors, 6-7, 26-28, 37-38, 44-45, 181, 185, 271 adolescents' transition to adulthood, 81, 91, 97-98 anthropological studies, 49, 50, 52, 55, 57 75, 188,209,210,268 contraception, traditional forms, 10-11, 71 postpartum abstinence, 4, 11, 55, 267 educational attainment, general, 26, 28, 45, 181 education in context of, 6, 44-45, 53, 55, 57-58, 91-92, 97 gender roles, general, 91-93, 271-272 literacy and, 9, 71 knowledge in traditional cultures, 6, 49, 91 92, 97 marriage, 16- 17, 185, 271 -272 see also Cross-country/cultural studies; Local factors; Modernity/ development; Social factors Curriculum, 15, 35, 61, 63, 83, 89-93 (passim) , 106, 107, 124, 127 hidden vs overt, 41 learning vs teaching, 53-54 see also Textbooks 309 D Death rates, see Infant mortality Decision making, 26, 36, 53, 139, 184 female autonomy, 10, 13, 26, 27, 39-40, 57, 81, 268-269 marriage, egalitarian marriages, 57-58 family factors, 16-17, 84, 274, 275, 277(n.14)

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From page 310...

... , 124, 128, 130, 136-137 employment and, 109, 110, 113, 166 167, 183, 187-188 family factors, 107, 108, 109, 115 knowledge factors, 106, 124-125, 126, 128, 130, 131 local factors, 115, 121, 126, 130 measurement error, 106, 114, 115-116, 118, 119, 120, 126, 130 parents, 110-115 (passim) , 121 reproductive goals, 121, 123-126, 127 130, 139 socioeconomic status, 106- 110 (passim)

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From page 311...

... post-secondary, 242-243, 250 primary, 227, 228, 241, 242-245, 250 secondary, 227, 228, 232, 240-245, 250, 265-266 wages and, 157, 158 see also Academic achievement; Literacy; Post-secondary education; Primary education; School leavers; Secondary education Egypt, 216, 222-233, 237, 239-251, 265-266 Emotional factors, 26, 81, 183 female autonomy, 10, 13, 26, 27, 39-40, 57, 81, 268-269 unintended pregnancies, 222, 261-263 see also Attitudes Employment factors, 10, 14, 16, 25, 27, 40-42, 43, 56, 165, 166 apprenticeships, 9, 50, 51, 53, 58 attitudes, 1, 42, 111 economic models, 109, 110, 113 educational attainment and, 39, 40-44 (passim) , 109, 110, 113, 139, 184 South Africa, 157, 165, 166-167, 187188, 197, 200, 205, 209 gender factors, 184 local factors, 166-167, 183, 187-188 marriage and, 31, 39, 159 post-secondary education, 30, 44 primary education, 40-41, 42 school quality, economic model of outcomes, 109, 110, 113 secondary education, 39, 41, 42, 44 see also Wages and salaries

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From page 312...

... theory, behavioral, 182, 183, 186 traditional values, 55-57, 60, 65, 84 see also Fathers; Household studies; Parents and parental factors; Spousal factors INDEX Family planning comprehension skills and, 14, 16 cost effectiveness, 33, 217 economic models, 140, 142, 167, 173, 182, 185-187, 221 egalitarian marriages, 58 female autonomy and, 40 fertility knowledge, 5, 124-125, 126, 128, 131, 240 formal programs, 26, 27, 31, 32-34, 35-36, 43, 129, 142, 187, 223, 234, 240, 265-266 individual welfare rationale, 217 school programs, 89-90, 93-94 South Africa, 140, 142, 167, 173 literacy and, 9 local factors, 35, 128, 142, 223 unintended pregnancies, family planning as factor in model, 216, 218, 223, 234, 240 see also Contraception; Reproductive goals Family size, 2, 6, 25, 36, 57, 188, 222 excess fertility, 13, 16, 36, 84, 216-265 defined, 217, 224, 235-236 mass education and, 13, 43 post-secondary education, 29 rural areas, 68 secondary education and, 29 South Africa, 161, 195, 198, 200 see also Reproductive goals Fathers, 14, 186, 188, 209, 210 unintended pregnancies, reaction to, 222, 224, 238(n.19) Fertility transition, 4, 5, 40, 55, 74, 275, 280, 297, 303 South Africa, 138, 142, 143, 173, 184 unwanted pregnancies/excess fertility, 249251 Finland, 222 G Gender roles, 3, 15, 39, 75, 91-93, 186, 191, 194 adolescent transition to adulthood, 80-81, 84-85, 86, 87-99 cultural factors, general, 91-93, 271-272 modernity, 92, 98

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From page 313...

... INDEX educational attainment differentials, 17, 270 family factors, 278-279, 281 spousal, 26, 27, 30, 39, 44, 277-278 employment, 184 female autonomy, 10, 13, 26, 27, 39-40, 57, 81, 268-269 female teachers as role models, 41, 90 knowledge factors, 96 reproductive goals, 279-281 rural areas, 68-69, 75 school policy/quality, 17, 83-84, 86, 87-99 son preference, 39 unintended pregnancies, 222, 224, 237-238, 239, 246-247 see Men; Spousal factors Geographic factors, see Local factors; Rural populations; Urban populations; specific countries and world regions Ghana, 9, 105, 128-129 Government role abortion, illegal, 223 China, 26, 33 excessive fertility, 262 family planning programs, 26, 27, 32-34, 35-36, 43, 129, 142, 187, 223, 234, 240, 265-266 individual welfare rationale, 217 school programs, 89-90, 93-94 South Africa, 140, 142, 167, 173 mandatory education, 12; see also Mass education nature of/rationale for, 132, 183-185, 188, 209,210,216,218,293,297 poor areas, funding, 87 schooling funding, 2, 32, 115, 126, 209 South Africa, 139-140, 142, 148, 151, 154, 157, 182, 209, 211, 291 see also Political/ideological factors Guinea, 94 H Health care services, 6, 59 abortion, 71, 72, 85, 221, 222(n.6) , 223 cognitive factors, 30-31, 56 skills in use of, 30, 43 see also Family planning, formal programs 313 Health practices, 181 see also Contraception; Family planning; Reproductive behavior Higher education, see Post-secondary education Historical perspectives Africa, 184 contraception, 71-74 individual-level data, 25 Latin America, 4 literacy, 7-8 mass education, 66-67 research trends, 1, 4, 6-7, 23, 55, 287-290, 298-300 South Africa, 140-143, 194 Hong Kong, 40 Household studies, 16, 41, 138-180, 183 economic models, 16, 110, 120, 126, 138180, 182-212 South Africa, 130, 131, 138-180, 181, 187212, 276 Human Sciences Research Council, 140 Husbands, see Spousal factors I Ideational influences, 38-39 Income, see Poverty; Socioeconomic status; Wages and salaries India, 84, 126 mass education, 32 spousal factors, 14, 270-273, 277 unintended pregnancies, 222 Individualism female autonomy, 10, 13, 26, 27, 39-40, 57, 81, 268-269 literacy and, 8 Individual-level data, 6, 10, 25, 30 cognitive benefits, economic model, 108, 109 contraception, 25 secondary education, 29 unintended pregnancies, 234 see also Behavioral factors; Emotional factors Indonesia, 3, 4, 29, 126

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From page 314...

... 6, 49, 91-92, 97 fertility knowledge, 5, 124-125, 126, 128, 131, 240 gender factors, 96 model of education, 14-15, 26, 31, 35, 44 school quality, economic models, 106, 124 125, 126, 128, 130, 131 teacher, 90 travel time to school, 241, 244 see also Literacy Korea, 30 L Language factors, 59-60, 64-66 familial involvement, 65-66 formal education and acquisition, 59-65 see also Literacy INDEX Latin America, 3, 4 developed economies, 3 historical perspectives, 4 mass education, 32 secondary education, 28-29 see also specific countries Legal issues abortion, 223 mandatory education, 12; see also Mass education Liberia, 3, 33 Literacy, 1, 3, 7-9, 15-16, 34-35, 43, 55, 60, 71, 75, 187 cultural factors, 9, 71 economic models, factor in, 106, 124, 128, 130 South Africa, 170-172, 177-181, 189, 191, 211 social factors, 9, 59, 60-66 spousal factors, 270-271, 272, 277, 278, 279 Local factors, 8, 9, 13, 28, 51-52, 55, 65-67, 87, 105, 268(n.8) , 293, 298, 301 economic models, 181 - 187 school quality, 115, 121, 126, 130 South Africa, 16, 139, 142, 144, 145, 158, 160-163, 167-169, 172, 173, 174, 187-212 (passim)

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From page 315...

... , 239, 282 videotapes, 36 Mathematics achievement/numeracy, 34, 52, 106, 128, 130, 132, 170, 291 Measurement error income as proxy for household resources, 139, 145, 164-165, 172 school quality, economic models, 106, 114, 115-116, 118, 119, 120, 126, 130 selection effects, 7, 12-13, 119, 139, 157, 200 unintended pregnancies, 234, 247, 262 Medical care, see Health care services Media, see Mass media Men, 14, 28 economic assistance from, 14 high fertility demands of, 17 marriage, see Spousal factors 315 South Africa, 139 unintended pregnancies, reaction to, 222, 224 see also Fathers; Spousal factors Mentors, see Role models Methodology, see Measurement error; Models and modelling; Theory Mexico, 34, 57 Middle East, 5, 223 see also specific countries Models and modelling, 27 computer, 298 literacy, 8 see also Economic models; Theory Modernity/development, 1, 6, 8, 11, 12, 31, 37, 38, 50, 55, 57, 58, 182, 183, 288-290 adolescents' transition to adulthood, 81 contraception, 1, 2, 5, 10-11, 71-74, 267 defined, 10 female autonomy, 10, 13, 26, 27, 39-40, 57, 81, 268-269 gender roles, other, 92, 98 marriage and fertility, 276, 283 see also Fertility transition Morbidity and mortality, see Diseases and disorders; Infant mortality Morocco, 224 N National Family Health Survey (India) , 270, 272, 273, 277 Nepal, 34 Nigeria, 33, 88 Numeracy, see Mathematics achievement/ numeracy p Pakistan, 3, 43, 105 secondary education, 29 Parents and parental factors, 6, 59-60, 64-66, 187, 188 attitudes toward education, 6, 11- 13, 15, 29, 111, 112, 114, 115, 127-128, 185, 188, 210

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... , 121 secondary education of children, 29 single parents, 188, 189, 198, 209, 210 unintended pregnancies, 241-243 see also Family factors; Fathers; Reproductive goals Philippines, 216, 222-233, 237, 239-251, 265 266 Political/ideological factors, 14, 38-39, 40, 66 75, 185 gender differences in schooling, 87(n.3) modernity/development, 1, 6, 8, 11, 12, 31, 37, 38, 50, 55, 57, 58, 182, 183, 288 290 adolescents' transition to adulthood, 81 contraception, 1, 2, 5, 10-11, 71-74 defined, 10 gender roles, 92, 98 marriage and fertility, 276, 283 parental connections, 115 research agenda, 1, 2, 5, 6, 8, 288-289, 290, 294-296, 302 South Africa, apartheid, 138, 139-140, 148, 154, 157, 189, 291 see also Bureaucracy; Mass education Post-secondary education, 14, 29-30, 44, 71, 188 employment and, 30, 44 family size and, 29 South Africa, 154, 200, 207 unintended pregnancies/excess fertility, 242-243, 250 INDEX Poverty low fertility rates and, 3 marriage and reproductive goals, 279-281 post-secondary education, 30 South Africa, 144, 187 - 191, 210 Primary education, 28, 33-35, 43, 60-71, 127 adolescents' transition to adulthood, 82 contraception and, 28 employment and, 40-41, 42 reproductive goals, 28, 26 South Africa, 151 unintended pregnancy/excessive fertility, 227, 228, 241, 244, 242-245, 250 see also Literacy; Mass education Problem solving, 15, 36, 52-53, 56, 66, 177-180 morbidity management, 9-10 socialized-actor theory, 6 unintended pregnancies/excess fertility, 219, 255-257 Project for Living Standards Development (South Africa)

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From page 318...

... , 123 social class influences, 13, 26, 27 South Africa, 139, 145, 163-165, 168, 169, 170, 172 unintended pregnancies/excess fertility, 216, 218, 219, 221, 239-240, 242-243 see also Consumption patterns, economic models; Employment factors; Poverty; Wages and salaries South Africa, 15-16, 130, 138-215, 291 apartheid, 138, 139-140, 148, 154, 157, 189, 291 demographic factors, general, 138, 139-140, 148, 154, 157, 158-170, 172, 173174, 189, 291 family factors, 139, 145, 148, 158, 159, 165, 166, 174, 181-212 marriage, 140, 170 post-secondary education, 154, 200, 207 secondary education, 189-190, 199-201, 206-209 socioeconomic status, 139, 145, 163-165, 168, 169, 170, 172 poverty, 144, 187-191, 210 South Asia arranged marriages, 17 employment, 40-41 marriage and education attainment, 270-284 secondary education and employment, 44 spousal factors, 14, 270-273, 277 see also specific countries

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... , 239, 282 Tertiary education, see Post-secondary education Textbooks, 37, 83, 89, 93, 117, 119, 128, 129 Thailand, 5, 88, 222 Theory, 3-4, 7-9, 10, 288-290, 296-297, 303 anthropological, 49, 50, 52, 55, 57-71 autonomous process, education as, 49-50, 51, 66, 67 classification of theories, 23-24, 49-50 dose-response theory, 3-4, 15, 16, 64-75 education-fertility paradigm, 1-2, 4, 21 319 family behavior, 182, 183, 186 school quality, economic theory, 121-126 socialized actor, 6-7, 14-15, 49-57, 66, 67 unintended pregnancies/excess fertility, 219 see also Economic models; Models and modelling Togo, 94 U United Nations, 5, 94 University education, see Post-secondary education Unwanted/unintended pregnancies, 13, 16, 36, 84, 216-265 age factors, 220-221, 224, 226, 228-235, 238, 242 consumption patterns and, 255-260 cost factors, 218, 246, 262 defined, 217, 222, 223-224, 233-234 economic models, 217-221, 233-265 educational attainment, 222, 226, 233, 234, 236-263 (passim) post-secondary, 242-243, 250 primary, 227, 228, 241, 244, 242-245, 250 secondary, 227, 228, 232, 240-245, 250, 265-266 emotional factors, 222, 261-263 family planning, as factor in model, 216, 218, 223, 234, 240 fertility transition and, 249-251 gender roles, 222, 224, 237-238, 239, 246 247 Kenya, 216, 222-233, 237, 239-251, 265 266 local factors, 223, 228, 234, 240, 241, 262 marriage, 239 spousal factors, 238(n.19)

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... 320 spacing of births and, 247, 251, 256 timing of births and, 224, 247, 256, 261 urban populations, 14, 270-273, 277 Urban populations, 30, 32, 38, 44, 57, 70-71, 75, 142, 153, 156, 170 unintended pregnancies/excess fertility, 239, 240, 241, 244-245 Utility maximization models, 110-113, 136 137, 183, 219, 255-260 W Wages and salaries, 183 educational attainment, 157, 158 INDEX literacy vs. 16 South Africa, 157, 160-165, 169, 172, 197 World Fertility Surveys, 25, 290 z Zambia, 34 Zimbabwe, 5, 10, 142, 157-158, 185

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Index Pages 307-320

Index
Pages 307-320