Supporting Research and Data Analysis in NASA's Science Programs Engines for Innovation and Synthesis (1998) / Chapter Skim
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2 Contributions of the Research and Data Analysis Programs
2 Contributions of the Research and Data Analysis Programs
Pages 11-33
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From page 11... ...
in constant FY 1995 dollars, much of this consists of individual awards of $100,000 or less (see Chapter 4~. Most R&DA projects originate in the creative imaginations of investigators who submit proposals within the context of a specific program in one of NASA's larger science areas astronomy and astrophysics, solar-terrestrial interactions, planetary sciences, Earth sciences, and life and microgravity sciences.
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1. Discovery and diagnosis of the antarctic ozone hole, a major, unanticipated surprise for scientists, caused significant changes in public policy.
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Brune, "Free Radicals Within the Antarctic Vortex: The Role of CFCs in Antarctic Ozone Loss," Science 251:39-46, 1991; P.O. Wennberg et al., "Removal of Stratospheric O3 by Radicals: In Situ Measurements of OH, HO2, NO, NO2, C1O, and BrO," Science 266:398-404, 1994.
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Additional information on the Airborne Arctic Stratospheric Expedition (AASE) can be found on the official NASA Web page for the AASE experiment, which is maintained by the Earth Science Division Project Office at NASA Ames Research Center, at |
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Wennberg et al., "Removal of Stratospheric O3 by Radicals: In Situ Measurements of OH, HO2, NO, NO2, C1O, and BrO," Science 266:398-404, 1994. Additional information on SPADE can be found on the official NASA Web page for the experiment, which is maintained by the Earth Science Division Project Office at NASA Ames Research Center, at |
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Jusem, "Geophysical Validation of NSCAT Winds Using Atmospheric Data and Analyses," Journal of Geophysical Research, 1998, in press; Robert Atlas, "Atmospheric Observations and Experiments to Assess Their Usefulness in Data Assimilation," Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan 75 (18) :111-130, 1997; Robert Atlas, "Preliminary Evaluation of NASA Scatterometer Data and Its Application to Ocean Surface Analysis and Numerical Weather Prediction," reprinted from Earth Observing Systems II, Proceedings of the International Society for Optical Engineering, 28-29 July 1997, San Diego, California, Vol.
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CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE RESEARCH AND DATA ANALYSIS PROGRAMS 17 FIGURE 2.2 Mars meteorite ALH84001. Image courtesy of NASA
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Not only did this generate substantial good will among astronomers, but it also produced a host of new insights about the early epoch of galaxy evolution as diverse groups analyzed the data and shared their results rapidly often over the Internet. The HST Guest Observer Program is administered by the Space Telescope Science Institute at the Johns Hopkins University to support design of observing strategies, analysis of data, development of models that test hypotheses, or the publication of results.
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. This was necessary to establish the topographic relationship between nerve fibers and hair cells in the macular and to determine precisely where synaptic changes occur in altered gravity.
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20 SUPPORTING RESEARCH AND DATA ANALYSIS IN NASA 'S SCIENCE PROGRAMS BACTERIA -~ =3 Lift ~ of Leptonem~\Y Clostridium _ BaCillU Flell°b _h~0t6t // it? ^ ~ temp ~ WARCHAEA c)
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The third example describes the development of new technologies for flight projects with R&DA funds as a way to control mission development costs. Only large flight projects have been able to afford the time or expense of developing new technologies as part of the project.
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To avoid the problem on future missions, PIDDP investigators developed an instrument using optical technologies that measured radiative balance, cloud density, and atmospheric composition without drawing gas samples into the probe. A laboratory proof-of-concept demonstration of the technology led to the Descent Imager Spectral Radiometer (Figure 2.4)
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1SFor additional information, see "Descent Imager/ Spectral Radiometer Images and Spectra," prepared by M.G. Tomasko, University of Arizona, available on the European Space Agency's Huygens Probe home page at |
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Earth-based telescopic observations have helped in the selection of landing sites on the Moon and Mars and entry sites for atmospheric probes (Example 1~; atmospheric models were essential in designing aeroshells and parachutes for the Pioneer Venus, Galileo, and Cassini-Huygens programs; cosmic dust collected on aerocel in the stratosphere by U2 aircraft earned the Proposed Stardust comet flyby credibility as a comet-sampling mission; grouncl-nasecl, airborne, and rocket-norne solar astronomy evolved to become the sophisticated Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) mission; and modeling, theory, and field investigations of the microwave brightness of the oceans led to operational instruments, such as the Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I)
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Toohey, and W.H. Brune, "Free Radicals Within the Antarctic Vortex: The Role of CFCs in Antarctic Ozone Loss," Science 251:39-46, 1991.
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From page 29... ...
Jusem, "Geophysical Validation of NSCAT Winds Using Atmospheric Data and Analyses," Journal of Geophysical Research, March 1998; Robert Atlas, "Atmospheric Observations and Experiments to Assess Their Usefulness in Data Assimilation," Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan 75 (1B) : 111- 130, 1997; Robert Atlas, "Preliminary Evaluation of NASA Scatterometer Data and Its Application to Ocean Surface Analysis and Numerical Weather Prediction," reprinted from Earth Observing Systems II, Proceedings of the International Society for Optical Engineering, 28-29 July 1997, San Diego, California, Vol.
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Example 1 shows laboratory measurements funded by R&DA programs being used to extract information about planetary atmospheres from routine spacecraft radio signals. Examples 2 and 3 illustrate it&DA-funded research continuing to extract significant scientific results from space data long after the missions ended.
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21International Sun-Earth Explorers Interim Bibliography, National Space Science Data Center, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md., 1987. 22For further reading, see P
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Brenner, and R.A. Bindschadler, "Analysis and Tracking of Continental Ice Sheet Radar Altimeter Waveforms," Journal of Geophysical Research 88 (Cal: 16081616, 1983; and C.H.
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Interferometric synthetic aperture radar, a new technology for performing high-resolution topographic mapping, has stimulated recent interest in the SEASAT SAR data. Retrospective use of these data provides some of the best examples available on which scientists can test results of interferometric processing algorithms.
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