Aromatic Amines An Assessment of the Biological and Environmental Effects (1981) / Chapter Skim
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Epidemiologic Aspects of Exposure to Aromatic Amines
Epidemiologic Aspects of Exposure to Aromatic Amines
Pages 102-122
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From page 102... ...
Increased mortality rate is statistically significant and has been interpreted as causal for 2-naphthylamine and benz idine . The increased mortal ity rate among workers exposed to 1-naphthylamine is complicated by the fact that 1-naphthylamine contains 4-10% of 2-naphthylamine.
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From page 103... ...
6 10 6 26 81 0.83 0.13 0.45 0.72 0.70 0.30 1.48 a From Case et al., 1954a,b, with permission. ~ _ _ Expected numbers derived from age-time specific mortality rates for BE itish ma les .
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From page 104... ...
Studies of persons in the chemical and rubber industries, who were exposed during the manufacture and use of the compounds, have provided evidence that aromatic amines are carcinogenic. Benzidine and naphthylamines are used to manufacture dyes; naphthylamines and 4-aminobiphenyl are antioxidants used to manufacture rubber.
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From page 105... ...
. The discovery that there was an increased incidence of bladder cancer mortality in those who worked with these compounds {Case and Hosker, 1954 ~ and an associated increased mortality rate in electric cablemakers (Davies, 196S)
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From page 106... ...
Table 5-2 Cha ranter ist ics of Four Groups of Male Rubber Workersa Number of Initial Group Locat ion Ethn ic ity Workers Ages All 6, 678 A Ak ran 40-84 10 Min imum Years Emploved Years Fol low' 1964-' B Great Br its in All 40, 867 35-65 1 1968 C Akron White 13, 571 20-79 5 1940 D Akron Ah ite 8, 418 40-84 10 1964 a From Monson, 1978, with permission.
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From page 107... ...
: of ca use of dea th .
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From page 108... ...
9 Bladder 9 12.3 60 38.9 48 39.5 21 18.1 Leukemia 16 12.5 28 23.3 5S 43 .0 25 18.1 From Monson, 1978, with permission. b Expected numbers based on mortality rates for A - U
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From page 109... ...
6 a From Monson, 1978, with permission. Product fabr ication is subset of tire building.
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From page 110... ...
Also, among men who make rubber and who might be expected to come into contact with antioxidants such as 2-naphthylamine or phenyl-2-naphthylamine, no increased incidence of fatal bladder cancer was identif led. On balance, there is minimal evidence of an increased incidence of bladder cancer among American rubber workers .
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From page 111... ...
Furthermore, since the adverse effect most postulated is cancer, any substance in ha ir dyes leading to cancer in either appliers car users will require many years of observation before the effect can be detected. Unless the adverse ef feet is very strong, it may not be possible to gather sufficient data on which to base an association.
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From page 112... ...
There is some suggestion that persons with occupational exposure to hair-care products are at increased risk of developing cancer and less evidence that users of hair dyes develop such cancer. These inconclusive studies need to be balanced by the positive results for carcinogenicity and mutagenicity found for a number of the ingredients in ha ir dyes.
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From page 113... ...
It is generality accepted that this antineoplastic agent has led to the development of bladder cancer in humans (Hoover and Fraumeni, 1976; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1974a; Lower and Bryan, 1979; Thiede and Christensen, 1975; Thiede et al., 1964~. Tobacco Cigarette smoking is the major cause of lung cancer and is associated with the increased incidence of many types of cancer, including bladder cancer (Hammond, 1975)
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From page 114... ...
Because of the dif f iculty in separating the possible effects of amitrole and the phenoxy acids, and because many different types of cancer occurred among those exposed, it is dif f icult to judge whether this excess may be causally related to amitrole exposure. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR EPIDEMIOLOGIC S=DY OF NOETIC NINES Ha ir dyes and nitrosamines are the substances that are of most current interest as to their potential carcinogenicity in humans.
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From page 115... ...
me only realistic study design to evaluate the carcinogenicity of these substances is the prospective follow-up study. To study the effects of hair dyes, women should be interviewed to determine their life-time use of hair dyes and followed for 5-20 years to measure the rate of occurrence of cancer .
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From page 116... ...
The epidemiologic evaluation of the possible head th effects from exposure to low levels of aromatic amines as well as to other substances may not be pass ible . lo the extent the t d isease among an exposed group is increased relatively little above background, perhaps less than 50%, the excess may not be detectable against the background variability.
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From page 117... ...
1978. Malignanc ies of the ur inary tract and the ir relation to analgesic abuse.
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From page 118... ...
1954a. Tumours of the ur inary bladder in workmen engaged in the manufacture and use of certa in dyestuff intermediates in the British chemical industry.
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From page 119... ...
1979. Use of permanent ha ir dyes and cancer among reg istered nurses.
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From page 120... ...
Volume 16. Some Aromatic Amines and Related Nitro Compounds -- Hair Dyes, Colouring Agents and Miscellaneous Industrial Chemicals.
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From page 121... ...
1978b. On the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to IARC Monogr aphs Humans.
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From page 122... ...
1979. Case-control study of ha ir dye use by patients with breast cancer and endometrial cancer.
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