Comparative Analysis of Fertility, Breastfeeding, and Contraception (1983) / Chapter Skim
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Final Results
Final Results
Pages 38-68
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From page 38... ...
Finally, factors affecting conception rates are examined using information about the timing of breastfeeding, contraception, and child mortality. The scheme for the analysis ts given by the diagram below.
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From page 39... ...
Even though there is more variability in the dependent variable in Costa Rica, the model does not perform much better. Thus, the measured characteristics indicating social and economic status do not distinguish well between a woman who will breastfeed and one who will not.
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From page 40... ...
The horizontal lines show the result of assuming constant exponential discontinuation rates; the jagged lines show the estimated hazards when they are allowed to vary over the eight subperiods defined earlier; the solid lines represent estimates for Colombia and the dashed lines those for Costa Rica. First examine the estimated hazard functions for termination of breast
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From page 41... ...
Costa Rica ~"~_ 3 6 1 2 18 ~4 36 48 t .050 _ 3 6 1 2 18 24 36 48 t FIGURE 6 Hazard Functions for Termination of Breastfeeding and for Contraceptive Discontinuation feeding in the top panel. The horizontal lines show that termination rates are higher in Costa Rica than in Colombia.
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From page 42... ...
First consider the effects of the background covariates alone. In Colombia, as in Costa Rica, the woman's education, her husband's education, and urban residence are all statistically significant, and the estimated coefficients are nearly of the same magnitude.
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From page 43... ...
(.0096) urban residences .2343*
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From page 44... ...
( .0088 ) urban residences .1426*
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From page 45... ...
. ~1 1 3 6 12 18 24 t FIGURE 7 Hazard Functions with Covariates for Termination of Breastfeeding
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From page 46... ...
Model 3 adds a dummy variable indicating whether the child survived past age two. The coefficients of this variable are of the same sign and are statistically significant in both countries, but the estimate for Costa Rica is nearly 50 percent greater than that for Colombia.
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From page 47... ...
The solid line gives the estimated hazard function for women who use coitusindependent contraception and who do not desire additional children. In Colombia, high discontinuation rates for these women are concentrated in the first 3 to 5 months of use.
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From page 49... ...
_ 1— O · C~ C~ 1 ~C o _ ea C~ C ~ 0 1 3 o _ :' ~ _ oo oo a' ~ O 0 _ ~ .,' ~ ~ 0 ~ CL o o o ~_ ~ U~ _ · C~ 1 — _ C~ U~ ~ o · C~ 1 — C~ o _ ~ _ ~D ~D ~ ~C~ =_ l_ U~ · _ ._ · C~ .
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From page 53... ...
53 ~_ ~D · 0 U~_ _ ~o ~ ~o ~o oo ~ _ _o o_ ._ ~ C~ .
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From page 56... ...
.02 .01 ^ ad, . _ ~ c 12 18 24 FIGURE 8 Hazard Functions with Covariates for Contraceptive Discontinuation t
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From page 57... ...
These hazards have been estimated without covariates and contain the same information as the survivor functions discussed earlier. The horizontal line share the results of Inuring ~ eons ten t hazard aver the entire birth interval; the curved lines straw the estimated hazards when they are allowed to tray over the eight subperiods defined earlier s the solid lines represent estimates for Colo - ~e, and the dashed lines those for Costa Rica.
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From page 58... ...
As already noted, along the background variables, only urban residence is artistically significant. Figure 10 displays to iapact of the ti_'rarying cavariates frog Hodel d.
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From page 59... ...
The two lowest lines in each panel show the conception rates for women who contracept. The variable indicating contraceptive method shifts the hazard to a very low level in both countries; the time-varying cover iates act principally to rearrange the shape of the hazard slightly so that the effect of contraception is not a simple proportional shift of the solid line.
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From page 63... ...
- - ~ _ · - · - · ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ e e ~..~ - ~ C oo oo sa 0~ C C ~ 0 .,1~ - 0 ~ :^ :^ ~ 0 0 0 ~ ~= ~ 1 1 ~ ~)
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From page 66... ...
66 at: Cal o ~: ~: ~: o t)
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From page 67... ...
67 C~ o C~ ~o ~o _ ~o O · ~ cr · _ · 0 ~D O C~ ~ ~ u~ ~D — o o~ .
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From page 68... ...
n 0 b re~tfee di n g . n o; c ontre ceptio n: coitus independent broastfeedi n 9, n o; C ontracep~tion coi t us dependent c hild survival: n 0 in; 3 6 12 18 24 Costs Rica t An.
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