Comparative Analysis of Fertility, Breastfeeding, and Contraception (1983) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
The Model
The Model
Pages 9-21
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From page 9... ...
Thus in our conceptual scheme, a set of social and economic character istics influences whether and how long a woman breastfeeds or contracepts, and these two intermediate variables, along with child mortality, 9
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From page 10... ...
The counting specification i'; based on Me dis tr ibution of the number of events in some f ixed interval. The conditional intensity specification tells the probability of an event in a small time interval, conditional on the history of the process up to that point in time tcox and I sham, 1980 )
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From page 11... ...
o . Clearly information about the hazard function is equines lent to information about the dens ity of waiting times or the ~ urvivor function .
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From page 12... ...
th birth +~nonsuscept ible period-+ +-ouscept Able periods ~ -gestat ion-+ ( k+ 1 ) ah bjr th The discussion of the hazard function is based on thin decomposition of the birth interval into components influenced by different factors: a nonsusceptible period following a birth composed of postpartum and possibly lactational amenorrhea, a susceptible period where the probability of conception may be modified by contraception, and a period of gestation.
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From page 13... ...
Combining this information yields the graphical display of the conception rate shown at the top of page 14. Here the hazard is constant and equal to zero for 12 months during the nonsusceptible period (9 months gestation plus 3 months postpartum amenorrhea)
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From page 14... ...
In addition, little is known about the return of ovulation, the propor tion of anovulatory cycles, or the regularity of menses among women who have stopped lactating. Once menses return, it is plaus ible that the same model of constant conception rates is appropr late both for noncontracepting women wh o are breastfeeding and for those who are not, although there is some evidence that conception rates may be lace r among women who continue breastfeeding after the menses resume.
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From page 15... ...
Short birth intervals and high child mortality are often mutually reinforcing. First, mortality rates of children born only a short time after an older sibling are known to be higher than rates for children born after long intervals (Wolfers and Scrimshaw, 1975)
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From page 16... ...
Therefore, ache model includes information on the education of both spouses and whether they reside in urban areas. Although it would be of some interest to examine the joint decisions about female labor force participation, fertility, breastfeeding, and oontracep~ Lion, to do so adequately is beyond the scope of the present research; the model therefore includes only some rudimentary information on the woman's work experience since marriage.
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From page 17... ...
1 ) th interve 1 -___+ + -- breas t feedings not ~ + Women may discontinue breastfeeding for two reasons: some women may discontinue immediately because of medical or physical problems; others will continue breastfeeding until some later, perhaps socially prescribed, weaning date.
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From page 18... ...
However , some rudimentary information on the woman's work experience since marriage is included in the model to test its value as a proxy for the opportunity costs of women 's time. THE: CONTRACEPTION EQUATION: MOD=TNG DISCO=I=ATION RATES Th e family planning module of the WES questionnaire used in Colombia and Costa Rica includes information on duration of contraceptive use for the last closed and the open interval .
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From page 19... ...
Ith birth + _________Icth interval (k+1 ) eh birch ineervie note ~~ contracept ing- ++ -- not~ ~~ ^~~s^~ i "~___ A- eve rim e Studies of contraceptive discontinuation abound in the literature.
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From page 20... ...
For example, 19 percent of Colombian women and 7 percent of Costa Rican women were breastfeeding at the time of the survey; while 52 percent of Colombian women and 78 percent of Costa Rican women were using contraception. Th erefor e, ther e is some interest in investigating the determinants of the propensity to breastfeed and the propensity to contracept in either of the last two birth intervals for these two counts ies .
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From page 21... ...
21 tracept and less likely to breastfeed; women living in urban areas will be more likely to have access to and therefore use contraception, but may also be less likely to breastfeed; women with experience in the labor force since marriage and those who have worked outside the home may have more ~modern. ideas and be more likely to contracept and less likely to breastfeed than women who have not had these experiences.
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Key Terms
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