Building for Tomorrow Global Enterprise and the U.S. Construction Industry (1988) / Chapter Skim
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1. Introduction
1. Introduction
Pages 10-22
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From page 10... ...
Knowledge of the construction industry in other countries is poorer still. a The Committee on the International Construction Industry found it necessary to rely on its members' experience and accounts told by others to supplement the meager base of statistical data.
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From page 11... ...
Much of the worId's construction is done by small-scale builders who produce single houses or maintain roads over small areas, using very traditional building materials and methods. Only perhaps onefifth of the total volume of construction is consistently carried out by large-scale organizations using more modern methods, as well as traclitional methods that remain predominant in current practice.
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From page 12... ...
12 BUILDING FOR TOMORROW TABLE 1 Comparative Statistics on Building as a Component in National Economies, 1984 Building Value GDPa Percentage Total Country ($million) of GDP ($million)
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of GDP ($million) Source Lesotho360 4.0 14 Bolivia3,610 5.0 181 UN Indonesia80,590 6.0 4,835 UN Yemen Arab Republic2,940 5.0 147 Yemen, People's Democratic Republic of792 4.0 32 Cote d'Ivoire6,690 9.0 602 UN Philippines32,840 19.1 6,272 CICA Morocco13,300 5.0 665 Honduras2,840 5.0 142 UN ElSalvador4,070 5.0 204 UN Papua New Guinea2,360 5.0 118 Egypt, Arab Republic30,060 5.0 1,503 UN Nigeria73,450 5.0 3,673 Zimbabwe4,580 3.0 137 UN Cameroon7,800 5.0 390 Nicaragua2,830 3.0 85 UN Thailand41,960 5.0 2,098 UN Botswana990 5.0 50 UN Dominican Republic4,910 5.0 246 Peru18,790 2.0 376 UN Mauritius860 5.0 43 Congo People's Republic2,010 5.0 101 Ecuador9,870 7.0 691 UN Jamaica2,380 5.0 119 Guatemala9,400 5.0 470 Turkey47,460 5.0 2,373 UN Costa Rica3,560 5.0 178 Paraguay3,870 5.0 194 Tunisia6,940 5.0 347 UN Colombia34,400 4.0 1,376 UN Jordan3,430 12.0 412 UN Syrian Arab Republic15,930 5.0 797 UN Angola4,000 5.0 200 Cuba14,900 6.0 894 Korea Democratic Republic23,000 6.0 1,380 Lebanon5,300 6.0 318 Mongolia1,200 5.0 60 Total, Middle-income economies 31,857 Upper-Middle-Income Economies Chile 19,760 6.0 1,186 Brazil 187,130 5.0 9,357 UN Portugal 19,060 11.4 2,173 CICA Continued
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of GDP ($million) Source Malaysia29,280 6.0 1,757 Panama4,540 6.0 272 Uruguay4,580 5.0 229 UN Mexico171,300 15.5 26,552 CICA Korea, Republic of83,220 9.4 7,789 CICA Yugoslavia38,990 11.0 4,289 UN Argentina76,210 6.0 4,573 South Africa73,390 6.0 4,403 Algeria50,690 6.0 3,041 Venezuela47,500 7.0 3,325 UN Greece29,550 9.0 2,660 UN Israel22,350 10.0 2,235 UN Hong Kong30,620 7.0 2,143 Trinidad and Tobago8,620 8.0 690 UN Singapore18,220 23.9 4,355 CICA Iran Islamic Republic157,630 5.0 7,882 Iraq27,000 5.0 1,350 Total, Upper-middle-income economies 90,259 High-Income Oil Exporters Oman 7,680 8.0 614 UN Libya 30,570 11.0 3,363 UN Saudi Arabia 109,380 15.0 16,407 UN Kuwait 21,710 3.0 651 UN United Arab Emirates 28,840 10.0 2,884 UN Total, High-income oil exporters 23,919 Industrial Market Economies Spain 160,930 8.0 12,874 UN Ireland 18,270 9.0 1,644 Italy 348,380 11.4 39,715 CICA New Zealand 23,340 4.0 934 UN United Kingdom 425,370 8.5 36,156 CICA Belgium 77,630 7.0 5,434 CICA Austria 64,460 28.0 18,049 CICA Netherlands 132,600 13.0 17,238 CICA France 489,380 11.3 55,300 CICA Japan 1,255,006 23.3 292,416 CICA Finland 51,230 10.0 5,123 CICA Continued
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From page 15... ...
THE CHANGING MARKET The need for construction of new facilities combined with poorly developed domestic construction industries has made developing countries the primary locus of international competition in the past.
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As a result of former colonial ties, for example, the French construction industry has special access to many countries in West Africa and the Middle East, and the British construction industry to the subcontinent of Asia, Southeast Asia, the Middle East, and East Africa. To some degree the United States has enjoyed such a relationship with Saudi Arabia.
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These countries have developed construction capacity as an element of their national economic planning and have invested in export construction capability as a means of raising export income. Firms in these countries are characterized by a developing but limited technical capacity and by relatively Tow wages.
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international construction companies have grown from an initial specialization in one of the following market segments: electric power generating facilities, highways, mining, refinery facilities, and large dams. Regardless of their origins, however, these firms maintained leadership through technology developments and management skills that are increasingly shared by competitors.
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From page 19... ...
on experienced mechanical and chemical engineering techniques and laboratory research and development to grow as an engineering contractor by creating and improving new processes for the of] and petrochemical industry.
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PreIiminary studies in this field were a part of an exploratory research program cosponsored with Standard Oil of New Jersey, Standard Oil of Indiana, and the Texas Company. A separate laboratory was established for this work, and by 1938 Kellogg had in operation a continuous fluid moving bed catalytic cracking pilot plant and began an exchange of information that led to the commercialization of the process.
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The new approach incorporated earlier process and equipment design developments such as higher steam reforming pressure, lower ammonia synthesis pressure, and the use of steam-driven centrifugal compressors instead of reciprocating compressors in a]
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Concurrently, the Chinese were negotiating with a Japanese firm for ammonia plants using Kellogg technology. The Japanese received contracts for two plants, providing the Chinese with an excellent benchmark in negotiations with Kellogg, but at the same time giving the company addition e]
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