Building for Tomorrow Global Enterprise and the U.S. Construction Industry (1988) / Chapter Skim
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5. Education and Training
5. Education and Training
Pages 66-84
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From page 66... ...
Strength in these four areas cannot be achieved only within the context of formal educational programs. Institutions offering undergraduate training necessarily focus their attention and limited resources on developing a student's basic skills, understanding, and intellectual outlook needed to maintain professional success over the course of several decades.
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From page 67... ...
(While there are a much larger number of graduate programs they do not require accreditation.) The general criteria for basic accreditation of engineering programs require at least one year's training in a combination of mathematics and basic sciences, one year's training in engineering science, one-half year's training in engineering design, and one-half year's training in humanities and social sciences.
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From page 68... ...
16,9907,1641,249 Total78,17823,0253,686 Note: Currently, there are 95 institutions offering four-year bachelor's level programs, and 155 offering two-year associate degree programs in engineering technology. These institutions offer 273 and 460 programs at the four-year and two-year levels, respectively.
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From page 69... ...
degrees were conferred in 1986-1987. Although it has been said that "there exist as many curricula as there are programs in architecture, and in many schools there are a number of options that lead to the completion of the degree requirements," professional architecture programs actually share similar core curricula.
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From page 70... ...
The subject matter may range from technical topics at a high level of sophistication, to administration and management. Continuing professional education courses are offered primarily by educational institutions, professional and technical societies, large corporations, and engineering firms.
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From page 71... ...
Courses in steel and concrete structures do include current practice as expressed in codes and do focus on the principles of detailed proportioning once the form and loads are given, but civil engineering education is almost exclusively analytic, concentrating on instilling basic knowledge and depending on subsequent on-thejob experience to teach students how to apply this knowledge. Emphasis on Design This dominance of analysis means that there is almost no teaching devoted to design as a synthesis, to construction as the process of economical building, and to the performance and permanence of civil works as derived from field observations.
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From page 72... ...
The program tried to represent observations of performance and constructed a Tong series of laboratory analytic studies devoted to the fundamentals of pavement design. That work ultimately had to be abandoned, and following World War IT the bureau returned to a major full-scale field study as the basis for design improvements.
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From page 73... ...
It is a common sight to find the lights in the architecture design studios burning all night when a student project is coming up for juried evaluation. The term "en charrette" was coined during these periods of intense concentration in the Ecole des Beaux Arts, because at the final and formal end of a project's schedule, a cart or "charrette" would be pulled through the studios to collect the students' work.
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From page 74... ...
Specialization and Small Practices While education emphasizes creative design in the studio setting, architecture as practiced by professionals who are licensed by each state is a synthesizing activity which converts the requirements of a client into building spaces that are structurally sound, provide a safe and healthy environment, are economically suited to the client's needs, and are stylistically in keeping with both the client's tastes and the professional community's standards. In practice, the architect will use consulting engineers for such specialized design and analysis as structural systems, heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning systems, lighting, acoustics, energy efficiency, cost estimating, and so on.
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From page 75... ...
It would be unusual for such individual research efforts to include undergraduate students, and it would be difficult to document the contributions that such research makes to the teaching program of the school. The Architectural Research Centers Consortium, created in 1976, is a group of some 30 research units attached to schools of architecture that provides a means of exchanging research plans and results.
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From page 76... ...
While it is generally agreed that this type of experience contributes significantly to any education, most faculty responding to a questionnaire distributed by the committee felt that such a program did not adequately prepare students for professional involvement in international construction projects. There was uniform agreement that few students had foreign language skills, with the exception of a program in China organized by Carnegie-Mellon University, for which the students were required to study Chinese for one year prior to enrolling in the program.
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From page 77... ...
Engineering schools would do well to consider foreign language degree requirements and international studies courses. One way to involve engineering students in such studies would be to design the courses so that they would include engineering aspects of other cultures and an emphasis on the relationship between technology and culture.
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From page 78... ...
engineers and technologists. Graduate degree programs in engineering and applied sciences should emphasize the need for spoken and technical competency in at least one foreign language." The same chapter also emphasizes "the usefuiness of early study of languages and experience that reinforces language skills needs to be better appreciated by young people who wish to pursue careers in engineering and technology." It is also suggested that study of any language be done in conjunction with study of the technology and the culture in question.
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From page 79... ...
These conditions are very countryand site-specific, and substantial local market research is required of prospective engineering and construction firms seeking overseas work. American firms performing overseas construction work may have difficulty in obtaining the required commercial licensing, face possible transportation delays, and encounter difficulties in obtaining customs
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From page 80... ...
A Jones Construction Company (see Case Study 5)
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From page 81... ...
A Jones Construction Company has benefited both companies by aBowing expansion of worldwide construction horizons.
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From page 82... ...
followed by what was then the 'largest construction project in the history of the world" the gaseous diffusion plant at Oak Ridge, Tennessee Following World War IT, Jones began a long series of heavy and highway construction work while continuing commercial building throughout the country Today, the company is also involvecl in industrial and energy work as we]
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From page 83... ...
30nes became more competitive in heavy construction, where Ho~zmann had for decades been a world leader, and entered the marine field with a sunken tube tunnel contract and one for a floating pontoon bridge. Ho~zmann gained expertise in the chemical plant market and in high-rise construction, long a 3.
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From page 84... ...
Keeping our management intact proved to us that Ho~zmann agreed with our philosophy that people are our most important assets." The Jones Company now can take on major heavy construction projects which heretofore would have been undertaken only in a joint venture. And in a totally new direction, Jones signed its first contract to build, own, and operate a lignite mine in Louisiana.
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