Estimated Mean per Capita Energy Requirements for Planning Emergency Food Aid Rations (1995) / Chapter Skim
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2 Estimating Energy Requirements of Refugee and Other Populations Requiring Food Aid
2 Estimating Energy Requirements of Refugee and Other Populations Requiring Food Aid
Pages 5-22
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From page 5... ...
convened a meeting on "Nutrition in Times of Disaster" at which it was suggested that, for planning purposes, a value of 1,900 kcal per person per day be used for longer term feeding situations and that 1,500 kcal per day be employed in acute survival situations. The values were derived for a typical population using estimated basal metabolic rate (BMR)
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From page 6... ...
This acknowledgment reinforces the need to develop and rapidly apply a standardized protocol to monitor physical activity levels in order to refine initial estimates of food needs. ESTIMATING ENERGY REQUIREMENTS OF INDIVIDUALS The underlying assumptions and the methods available for estimating the energy needs of individuals, classes of people, and of populations are described in the FAO/WHO/UNU report, "Energy and Protein Requirements" (1985~.
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From page 7... ...
There is little evidence of an increase in the efficiency of energy utilization in individuals deprived of dietary energy; a reduction in basal metabolic rate in this situation primarily reflects a loss of lean body mass. The C1N recognizes that for a given class of individuals, or population group, there will be a distribution of energy requirements among those in the group.
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From page 8... ...
Physical Activity Because energy expended in physical activity is the most variable component of total energy requirements, it is important to make reasonable estimates of usual activity levels. For practical purposes, in the nonpregnant, nonlactating individual, energy requirements can be calculated from: total energy requirements = BMR x PAL, where PALis the physical activity level.
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From page 9... ...
, rather than the PAL of 1.4 used as a basis of the 1,900 kcal per day "survival requirement." To accomplish this, the committee estimated a daily activity pattern for adult males and females In refugee camp situations; these estimates are presented In Tables 2-2 and 2-3.* TABLE 2-1 Multiples of Basal Metabolic Rate (Physical Activity Levels)
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From page 10... ...
Assumptionsfor Male Activity Levels Time use studies of rural men in developing countries find more variability in total work time and in the energy intensity of activities than is the case for rural women, but on average total work hours for rural men are usually found to be slightly lower than total work hours TABLE 2-2 Hypothetical Time Expenditure and Physical Activity Levels (PALs) of Adult Women in Emergency Feeding Situations Activity Hours PAL Sleeping 8 1.0 Cooking/food preparation 2 1.8 Child care 2 2.2 Walking with a load 1 4.0 Light cleaning 1 2.7 Sedentary recreation 1 2.1 Walking around/ strolling 1 2.4 Sitting/ lying quietly 8 1.2 NOTE: Weighted average PAL = 1.53.
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From page 11... ...
If information indicates that men are significantly more active than is suggested by the time expenditure pattern in Table 2-3, for example, because they have long distances to walk, or are assigned manual labor in the camps or agricultural work, then adjustments should be made in the average physical activity level. As an example, if 4 hours of energy-intensive agricultural work or manual labor at a PAL of 3.5 is substituted for 4 hours of lying or sitting quietly, this would increase the average PAL for men to 1.9.
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From page 12... ...
As for pregnancy, it has been proposed that future estimates of the energy requirements for lactation should be based on the BMR of the nonpregnant, nonlactating woman, times a PAL that depends on the duration and type of activities performed, plus an increment for lactation that does not assume maternal fat loss and that falls in the second 6 months, assuming that breastmilk is not the sole source of food for the infant (Prentice et al., 1994~. ESTIMATING ENERGY REQUIREMENTS OF POPULATIONS Theoretical Approach: Calculating the Estimated Mean per Capita Energy Requirement Individual energy requirements can be used to plan the food energy needs of a population, using the following three sets of information: (1 )
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From page 13... ...
If this information is not available for a specific country, certain assumptions can be made, as described below. As noted earlier, to expedite decisions about the immediate purchasing and shipping of emergency food rations to refugee and other populations requiring food aid, the population's energy needs can be expressed as a single value: the EMPCER.
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From page 14... ...
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From page 15... ...
/d. Because population distribution had a TABLE 2-5 Estimated Mean per Capita Energy Requirement by Assumed Population Distribution WPP94 Developing Countries, but WPP94 WPP94 Predominantly Women and Developing Countries Developed Countries Children 2,076 2,105 1,936 NOTE: WPP94 = World Population Profile 1994.
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From page 16... ...
level of total energy TABLE 2-6 Estimated Mean per Capita Energy Requirement (EMPCER) by Body Size of Adults South and Sub-Saharan ADica Southeast Asia United States Male height, weight 170 cm, 63.5 kg 165 cm, 60.1 kg 180.4 cm, 78.1 kg Female height, weight 155 cm, 50.0 kg 153 cm, 49.0 kg 163.7 cm, 55.3 kg EMPCER 2,076 2,045 2,194 Population distribution per Jamison and Hobbs (1994)
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From page 17... ...
. Because it is difficult to predict the true level of physical activity without specific information from the field, the committee decided that it would be appropriate to use the FAO/WHO/UNU PAL values for light activity, i.e., 1.55 for males and 1.56 for females until further field data in a given situation become available.
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From page 18... ...
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From page 19... ...
In the case of complementary foods, the estimated amount of energy provided by breast milk would be subtracted from the children's average total daily energy requirement. Adjustment for Recovery from Malnutrition andfor Cold Environments It may be desirable to adjust the committee's EMPCER for such special situations as preexisting level of undernutrition or environmental cold stress.
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From page 20... ...
Cold environments Living in a cold environment increases energy requirements for both BMR and physical activity, especially if clothing is inadequate. Women clad in a thin cotton trouser suit expended 7 percent more energy
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From page 21... ...
ESTIMATING ENERGYREQUIREMENTS 21 per day in a metabolic chamber maintained at 22° C compared to 28° C; at 22° C they felt cool, chilly at times, had occasional piloerection, but did not shiver (Dauncey, 1981~. In another study, even when men could select the clothing they needed to be comfortable, energy requirements in a metabolic chamber averaged about 5 percent higher at 20° than at 28° C (Warwick and Bushy, 1990~.
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