The National Academies Press

Currently Skimming:

4. Paper
Pages 33-48

The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.

From page 33... ... Lateral hydrogen bonds stabilize the crystal against relative displacement of the chains in response to imposed physical forces. Cellulose is a white substance that is hydroscopic in nature, insoluble in most solvents, and resistant to the action of most chemicals except strong acids. Read the entire page →
From page 34... ... Unlike the highly stable crystalline cellulose, lignin is an amorphous, complex, polydisperse polymer network of phenylpropane units with a number of reactive functional groups that changes to a more highly colored form as it ages. For this reason, papers made with lignin-containing fibers tend to discolor with age {Sjostrom, 1981~. Read the entire page →
From page 35... ... If variance is assumed around the mean value of the hydrogen bond, the rupture energy of paper can be related to the number of hydrogen bonds Nissan, 1983~. Centuries of man's experience with paper have shown that the hydrogen bonds established at the time of manufacture remain intact throughout the life of the paper product, assuming normal storage and use conditions. Read the entire page →
From page 36... ... 36 .~. PRESER VATION OF HIS TOPICAL RECORDS Photomicrographs of edge and surface of paper showing fiber structure. Read the entire page →
From page 37... ... These sizing agents are combined with calcium carbonate filler to provide a useful pH control by a buffering action during aging of the paper. Recent decreases in the cost of calcium carbonate filler and increases in the cost of virgin pulp have created somewhat more favorable economics for alkaline pH paper, resulting in increased commercial interest and production of this type of paper. Read the entire page →
From page 38... ... A molecular layer of water on cellulose occurs at about 5 percent moisture content, and the mechanical strength properties decrease rapidly when the absorbed water exceeds 5 to 7 percent because of the competition between the water molecules and the hydroxyls of cellulose for the hydrogen bonds with other hydroxyls. In addition, Kadoya and Usuda {1984J found that, at 80 percent relative humidity, the fracture mechanism under load changed from bond breaking to fibers sliding out of the network. Read the entire page →
From page 39... ... Test results on these papers suggest that the permanence exhibited is due to an alkaline to neutral pH value or an alkaline filler or both. Read the entire page →
From page 40... ... PRESERVATION OF HISTORICAL RECORDS r o ~ ~ Jay ~ ~ ~ ~ ~:~: ~ it: day., ~ Y ._ ~ ... Effects of slow-working acidin booLpaper. Read the entire page →
From page 41... ... Papers meeting these requirements can be produced using commercially available raw materials, including fiber and filler, and processes that yield neutral alkaline pH in the final sheet. Archival paper records printed on such a paper base will keep for centuries under suitable storage conditions. Read the entire page →
From page 42... ... The specifications listed for paper permanence include a pH of 7.5 to 10.3, at least a 2 percent calcium carbonate reserve in the paper, and the absence of lignin or groundwood pulp. It is estimated that papers meeting the specification should have a probable life of 500 to 1,000 years under good storage conditions. Read the entire page →
From page 44... ... In addition, a 2 percent calcium or magnesium carbonate filler level is specified for Type I papers. The ANSI and ASTM standards are designated D3290-76, Bond and Ledger Paper for Permanent Records; D3208-76, Manifold Papers for Permanent Records; D3301-74, File Folders for Storage of Permanent Records; D3458-75, Copies From Office Copying Machines for Permanent Records; and Z39.48-1984, Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials. Read the entire page →
From page 45... ... Remedial actions include {aJ treatment by an alkalization process, such as deposition of magnesium bicarbonate, when the original documents must be preserved and {b) copying onto permanent paper with permanent toners to provide long-term stability when the intrinsic value of a document is not important. Read the entire page →
From page 46... ... Specifications and test for alkaline papers. Pp.71-76inTechnical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry Papermakers Conference Proceedings {April) Read the entire page →
From page 47... ... 1974. Evaluation of Archival Stability of Copies From Representative Office Copying Machines. Read the entire page →
From page 48... ... ~;~ Film storage facilityin Granite Mountain records vault of the Genealogical Society of Utah. Control of storage conditions is vital to ensure permanence of stored records. Read the entire page →

From page 33...

... Lateral hydrogen bonds stabilize the crystal against relative displacement of the chains in response to imposed physical forces. Cellulose is a white substance that is hydroscopic in nature, insoluble in most solvents, and resistant to the action of most chemicals except strong acids.

4. Paper Pages 33-48

4. Paper
Pages 33-48