Livestock Disease Eradication Evaluation of the Cooperative State-Federal Bovine Tuberculosis Eradication Program (1994) / Chapter Skim
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4 EPIDEMIOLOGIC/ECONOMIC TUBERCULOSIS STUDIES AND BIOECONOMIC RESEARCH...
4 EPIDEMIOLOGIC/ECONOMIC TUBERCULOSIS STUDIES AND BIOECONOMIC RESEARCH...
Pages 53-72
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From page 53... ...
As the disease frequency decreases, the program may need to be modified; for example, by ceasing vaccination if it affects disease detection, increasing the movement restrictions on the species of concern between low- and high-prevalence areas, and unplement~g a depopulation program in which all exposed animals, not just reactors, are slaughtered. Historically, it has been recognized that to achieve eradication, nondiseased reactor and exposed animals may have to be sacrificed in order to prevent Hidden disease.
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From page 54... ...
Another reason for using depopulation is Cat although a test and slaughter program may be capable of achieving an eradication goal, a depopulation program may offer considerable savings in the total number of animals sacrificed, in time, and in money. Finally, given the limitations of the disease detection process at He Individual arnmal level, there may be w reasonable alternative to depopulation to ensure Mat the last vestiges of disease have been removed.
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From page 55... ...
In addition, because control and eradication programs may require many years to achieve their objective, some form of discounting future costs and benefits is needed. Thus, good bioeconomic models can calculate the discounted value of the change in benefits (discounted economic value of change in physical losses)
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From page 56... ...
In Me model, beef and dairy herds were each divided Into eight herd-s~ze groups ranging from ~ to 4 cows up to 200 cows or more for Me dairy herds; beef herd categories ranged In size from ~ to 9 cows up to 500 cows or more. The number of infected herds and number of infected cows by herd size were estimated.
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From page 57... ...
study, Canada completed a benefit/cost analysis of alternative bovine tuberculosis eradication programs (Agriculture Canada, 1979~. At Cat time, the prevalence of tuberculosis was very low in Canada (< < I/1000 caWe3, and the Canadian government was pursuing a test and slaughter program with the objective of national eradication.
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From page 58... ...
S Based on Me assumptions about the probability of detecting Infected herds, larger herds had a higher detection rate than small herds.
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From page 59... ...
Indeed, APHIS reaffirmed depopulation as the major thrust of He USDA eradication program because it represents "the only assurance that a focus of tuberculosis has been emanate (U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal Plant Heath Inspection Service Veterinary Services, 1990~.
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From page 60... ...
The Irish Bovine Tuberculosis Study A benefit cost analysis of He Irish Bovine Tuberculosis Eradication Scheme (Sheeby and Christiansen, 1991) presents an interesting alternative approach to a bioeconomic evaluation of disease control programs.
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From page 61... ...
The responsibility for the annual herd test would be devolved to Me herd owner. No cattle movement would be permitted without bow the annual herd test and individual premovement tests (also the responsibility of We owner)
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From page 62... ...
Revised bioeconomic models could be formulated to estimate costs and benefits for various program options such as the current program combined with various levels of herd depopulation, the current program with various levels of increased slaughter surveillance efficiency and varying levels of herd depopulation, or complete and immediate depopulation of all infected herds.
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From page 63... ...
Additional costs not included in the indemnity schedule, even if replacements were purchased, involve interruptions in He milk output per cow depopulated (for 30 to 60 days prior to resumption of full-line production) , lost wages of dairy employees, and loss of owner revenue to meet current financial obligations.
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From page 64... ...
Public Health The bioeconomic models reviewed here focus largely on the size of economic costs and benefits of eradication to livestock producers. However, there are public health issues that warrant consideration as well.
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From page 65... ...
. The privately owned collections include large hunting preserves Hat contain free-ranging herds, drive-~rough game parks, conventional-type ranches and farms raising elk and deer for venison or llamas as pets and pack animals, and traveling or roadside petting zoos.
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From page 66... ...
Industry Structure Changes In the structure of Me livestock industry over the past 25 years have important Implications for the design of an effective eradication strategy. These changes, listed below, may be reflected in either or both the epidemiology of bovine tuberculosis and Me economic costs of livestock production and disease control.
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From page 67... ...
In an ideal world, infected and exposed animals would be safely delivered to a nearby slaughterhouse or diagnostic laboratory and subjected to a detailed inspection. In Be slaughterhouse, carcasses meeting Be required inspection standards and disposition criteria would be released for human consumption.
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From page 68... ...
Again, bioeconom~c models built to reflect the position of the United States In world livestock trade can assist In identification of program alternatives. Recognizing the changing circumstances of livestock production, revisions of He 1970s' bioeconomic models for the United States have been attempted.
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From page 69... ...
Current and future bovine tuberculosis eradication programs should be able to withstand He scrutiny of a responsible evaluation for humane animal handling and treatment issues. Wildlife i Although somewhat outside He scope of traditional bioeconom~c models of animal disease, the disposition of free-roaming wildlife raises significant ecological and environmental concerns for any eradication strategy.
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From page 70... ...
Over the past 75 years the success of He tuberculosis eradication program has reduced He prevalence of He disease and placed most people at least two generations away from knowledge of the disease and experience with its impact in both humans and animals. Today it is unlikely Hat any beef or dairy producers have seen clinical cases of He disease In cattle or know people who have contracted He disease.
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From page 71... ...
Series and Bioeconomic Research Considerations Association could play a large role in Me fixture, as it has In the past, In promoting greater awareness of He threat of bovine tuberculosis as well as the options for its management.
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