Lead in the Americas A Call for Action (1996) / Chapter Skim
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2 Setting the Stage: Historical Milestones in the Reduction of Lead in the Americas
2 Setting the Stage: Historical Milestones in the Reduction of Lead in the Americas
Pages 39-48
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From page 39... ...
CHAPTER 2 Setting Tic Stapc: Historical Hilos10ncs in Sac RcOuchon of Lead in Tic Amchcas
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Lead poisoning is emblematic of the blurring of occupational and environmental health problems for three reasons: first, lead industries are often major sources of ambient environmental contamination; second, small-scale or cottage industries that use or handle lead increase the rate of exposure for workers and their families employed in these sectors; and third, workers in mining, industry, and construction can bring lead dusts home on their clothing or skin, thus exposing other family members to lead. Lead poisoning in the Americas, as elsewhere, is both a product of economic development and an indicator of economic and other disparities within societies.
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From page 42... ...
Public health concerns over the growing lead exposures in the Americas also developed quickly. In the Massachusetts Bay Colony of colonial America, the addition of lead to wine and cider was banned in the early eighteenth century, and concerns over lead in drinking water and the printing process were expressed by Benjamin Franklin, Charles Dana, and others (Wedeen, 1984~.
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43 ,, 3000 5000 ~ Of B C Figure 2-1. Greenland ice evidence of hemispheric lead pollution two millenia ago by Greek and Roman civilizations.
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CDC'S finding was based on extensive epidemiologic studies and basic research that consistently demonstrated adverse health effects of lead at and above these levels of exposure on cardiovascular function in adults and neurobehavioral and cognitive attainment in children. Lead intake also damages the kidney and liver and adversely affects reproduction.
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The Earth Summit Watch, formed in preparation for the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in 1992, consists of a group of nongovernmental organizations interested in conducting country-by-country surveys of specific indicators of environmental problems. The Earth Summit Watch Survey Team, in 1993 and 1994, asked countries to indicate what they had done to address specific environmental issues, including lead exposure, and then made their survey results available in the report Four in '94 (NRDC and CAPE 21, 19941.
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It was against this backdrop of increasing regional activity that the U.S. Institute of Medicine and the National Institute of Public Health of Mexico conducted the conference summarized in this report.
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CHAPTER 3 Plenary Sessions
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