Maximizing U.S. Interests in Science and Technology Relations with Japan: Report of the Defense Task Force (1995) / Chapter Skim
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3 THE CONTEXT FOR U.S.-JAPAN DEFENSE AND INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY COOPERATION
3 THE CONTEXT FOR U.S.-JAPAN DEFENSE AND INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY COOPERATION
Pages 22-35
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From page 22... ...
capabilities. PATTERNS AND TRENDS IN OVERALL U.S.-JAPAN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RELATIONS In an issues paper published in 1990 the National Research Council's Committee on Japan called attention to the persistent imbalances in the science and technology relationship between the United States and Japan and to the structural features of the innovation and market systems of the two countries that underlie those imbalances.)
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From page 23... ...
while the proportion of funding devoted to basic, investigator-driven research in universities and private institutes is not large relative to the total federal R&D budget, the absolute amount is quite large, particularly in comparison with similar investments by other countries; and (5) new, start-up companies have played a major role in commercializing new technologies.3 Nor a concise overview, see David C
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Technical Personnel Between Japan and the United States by Purpose, 19SS and 1992 1988 1992 Japanese in the United States For academic research9,18229,857 For study, training, and technology acquisition43,04276,023 Total52,224105,880 Americans in Japan a For study1,9932,600 For training531330 For teaching1,1311,778 For culturaVacademic activities78514 To provide technology28 For research 432 For technology 1,968 For skills 78 Total4,4687,200 Ratio of Japanese in the United States to Americans in Japan11.714.7 a The Ministry of Justice changed its classification categories for foreigners entering Japan between 1988 and 1992. SOURCES: Japan Ministry of Justice, Annual Report of Statistics on Legal Migrants, 1993 (Tokyo: Okurasho Insatsul~yoku, 1993)
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Development, million dollars . A B A/B Japanese Firms U.S.
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With defeat and occupation, national priorities as reflected in government policies and corporate strategies were reoriented to emphasize technology development for commercial industries. The focus on technology acquisition from abroad has been a consistent feature since the middle of the last cent and has been facilitated during the postwar period by Japanese policies, corporate strategies, and resulting market structures that denied or brokered market access in order to promote indigenous industries and extract technologies Tom leading foreign companies.7 Today, most formal barriers have been removed, but deep-rooted government and private practices in areas such as procurement, distribution, and regulation combined with the accumulated legacy of past discrimination against foreign products Particularly in the microelectronics and computer industries, this tendency was promoted by U.S.
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From page 27... ...
. and companies continue to result in a hostile market environment for foreign entrants in a range of high-technology markets.8 The technological capabilities of Japanese companies and industries were rapidly upgraded and supported by a complementary set of policies and institutions that encouraged high levels of capital equipment investment.9 Japanese consumer electronics, automobiles, machine tools, semiconductors, and other products have gained first acceptance ant!
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From page 28... ...
This section will describe the evolution of U.S.-lapan cooperation in greater detail, placing it within the context of the relevant political and economic forces at work within each country and in U.S.-lapan relations. The 1954 Mutual Defense Assistance Agreement serves as the basis for defense industrial cooperation.~3 During the latter half ofthe 1950s, Japan launched the licensed production of U.S.
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From page 29... ...
In addition to recognizing the growing importance of dual-use technologies in weapons development, this focus turned the budgetary limitation on large new indigenous systems into a virtue.~7 The spin on process in Japan, seen most frequently at the supplier tiers, typically involves the application of existing commercially-base(1 capabilities to emerging weapons development opportunities. When Mitsubishi Electric began its research on active phased array racier in the late 1960s with partial support from IDA, it applie(l its commercial gallium arsenide integrate(1 circuit know-how, eventually developing the radar for the FS-X years later.
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From page 30... ...
Despite constraints on defense budgets and military activities, Japan has built a small sophisticated defense industrial and technology base that is well integrated with its commercial technology and manufacturing capabilities, without the expensive overhea(l of a filll-fle(lgecl military industrial complex comparable to that of the United States. Japanese government and industry have become quite skilled over the years in effectively utilizing scarce resources to sustain and enhance technological capabilities.
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From page 31... ...
But over the longer tenn Japan has been quite successful in leveraging the technological and manufacturing base benefits of licensed production, supplemented by indigenous defense programs, to establish a significant foothold in commercial aircraft production. Through most of the postwar period, an important goal for U.S.
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Tables 3-7 and 3-S illustrate Japanese technological strengths in areas critical for fixture defense systems, mainly areas of commercial technology that are increasingly incorporated into these systems.
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The controversy surrounding the FS-X negotiations TABLE 3-X U.S. Department of Defense Key Technologies and Areas of Foreign Strength NATO Allies Japan CIS Others 1 1 Overall areas of broad technical achievement 0 0 0 0 Subareas of broad technical achievement 4 6 4 0 Overall areas of moderate technical capability 10 9 6 0 Subareas of moderate technical capability 31 22 14 2 NOTE: A total of 11 overall areas and 41 subareas were evaluated.
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From page 34... ...
SOURCES: Office of Management and Budget, Budget of the United States Government Historical Tables, 1995; Japan Science and Technology Agency, Indicators of Science and Technology, 1994; Michael Chinworth, Inside Japan's Defense, 1992; Japan Defense Agency, 1993 Defense White Paper; National Science Board, Science and Engineering Indicators, 1993. 1 1 TABLE 3-10 Japanese Aircraft Production Trends, million dollars Percent ForecastPercent 19921993change 1994change Production 8~423 8~001 (-5%)
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From page 35... ...
naval systems Heavy Industries Technology related to the next-generation 1990 Mitsubishi support fighter (FS-~) Heavy Industries Technology related to joint research on dueled rocket engines 1992 Nissan Motor a Transfers of Japanese technology related to portable surface-to air missiles (Toshiba)
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