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From page 325... ... . condoms tO prc~rcnt transmission, 166 Adolescent development, 7~93, 110 Adolescent Family Life Act, Title XX, 22-23, 25, 248 Adolescent Family Life Comprehensive Care Prodders, 223 Read the entire page →
From page 326... ... 84, 98 and soQocultural developments, 7~93 B Bank Street College youth employment demonstration project, 181, 214 Bayley Infant Scales, 212 Benign breast disease, 162 Big Brothers and Big Sisters, 178 Birth control pills, see Contraceptive pills Birthnght, 174 Births to adolescents numbers and rates of, 1, 1;, 53, 54~;5, 58~0, 6;-67, 72, 261, 276 see also L'ginmation; Nonmarital childbeanog 13ndge Over Troubled Waters, 182 Bureau of Maternal and Child Health Services, 21 C Canada, rates of adolescent pregnancy, 16 Read the entire page →
From page 327... ... mortality risk, 161 perceptions of health risks, 272 prevalence of use, 46, 48, 107, 113, 154, 162-163 recommcudanons regarding, 7, 272 research needs on, 258 sources, 154,158, 162 Conmcepave service providers clinics, 1501~9, 162-163, 273; see also Family planning clinics; School-based clinics community seance organizations, 8, 155 funnily planning senders, 153-154 health departments, 8,155 hospitals, 8, lSS pmratc physicians, 150157, 159, 162-163 recommendations regarding, 8, 274 school-based clinics, 8, 168-173, 270275 Conmccptivc sconces access to, 86 attitudes about, 86 availability of, 11, 22, 203, 274, 284 285 Read the entire page →
From page 328... ... . sexua activity Delinquency, sexual attitudes and behavior associated with, 93, 243 Dada Sigma Theta, program to enhance life opnons, 178 Demonstration projects, see Abortion services; Children of adolescent mothers; Economic support; Expersmcntal research; Prenatal care and delivery; Pre~rennve inrenrennons; Programs that enhance life options; ~pecsfsc names Developmental effects on children of teenage mothers intelligence and achievement scores, 134 135,212 Read the entire page →
From page 329... ... 128,217,248 Educational attainment early childbe~nng and, 125-128, 217, 262 postsecondary, 127 of teenage fathers, 126 see also Academic achievement/aspirations Educational counseling, 179, 181 Emergency services for pregnant and parceling adolescents, 21~215 Employability, programs for enhancing, 179-181, 219 Employment, adolescent as determinant of nonmarital factors conmbuting tO increases in, 78-79 of heads of household, 78 implications for adolescent development, 79 median family income correlated with, 80 Employment, women's, 7~79 Ethnographic studies, unavailability of data for,34,41,52,58,61, 68,241 Europe child support enforcement in, 208 contraceptive advertising in, 153 Evaluation research see Outcome evaluations; Process evaluations Experimental research priorities for, 14, 257-259 Families, female-headed initiation of sexual intercourse by girls in, 104 maternal employment in, 78 nonmantal childbearing by adolescents in, 119 public assistance tO, 81, 119 research priorities on, 245 socioeconomic status, 8~81, 89 trends in, 76. 80, 82 Family care programs, 22~221 Family communications programs, 149-1~0; 187 Family Focus dro~in centers, 216 Family income changing patterns of. Read the entire page →
From page 330... ... aCt2Vlty age trends in, 4204, 96, 98-99 by girls in female-headed families, 104 contraceptive use and, 48 49, 74, 100107, 165 delay of, 3, 7, 172, 258, 269-271 marital disruption associated with, 104 mother's educational attainment and, 44 peer group influence on, 105-106 race differences in, 98 socioeconomic status and, 44 Intelligence of children of teenage mothas, 13013:, 212 sexual activity correlated with, 100 101 Intergenerational effects of early childbearing, 6, 136-139 Intrautenne devices (IUDs) health risks of, 162 pregnancy rate with, 52, :3, 161 prevalence of use, 46, 107, 113, 154 sources, 154, 1~8, 162 Read the entire page →
From page 331... ... INDEX 331 J Job Corps, 180 lob opportunities for adolescents, 82, 262 Job training for adolescent fathers, 18~181 Johns Hopkins School of Mediane Adolescent Pregnancy Program, 171-172, 202, 223 school-based clinic model, 171-173, 202, 204 Junior League Teen Outreach Program, 176, 187 K Kappa Alpha Psi program tO enhance life options, 178 L Labor force participation by early childbearers, 13~132 by parents of adolescents, 78-79 program tO improve adolescent, 181 rates of adolescent, 39, 13~132 I~egitimanon determinants, 61, 115 educanonal attainment following, 127 raial/ethnic patterns of, 78, 115, 128 rates of, 60 63, 74, 77-78, 114, 128 Life options, see Programs that chance life options Life Planning Project, 176 Life planning, programs tO improve, 17~117, 21~216, 267, 288 Life Skills Counseling program, 148 Life skills training, 11-12, 21~217, 288 Liver tumors from oral contraceptives, 162 Low b~hweight infants costs of care, 203 prenatal care interventions, 196, 201 M Marital disruption association with initiation of adolescent sexual activity, 104 factors contributing to, 85 Marital stabilizer, adolescent parenthood implications for, 1-2, 18, 129, 262 Marriage attitudes about, 77, 83, 98 changing patterns of, 77-78, 85 to legitimate a birth, see Legitimation prevalence among teenagers, 35-36, 72 Maternal and Child Health block grant services funded by, 22, 160, 19~199 Maternal-In~nt Care Program, 170, 223 Media approaches to preventive interventions, 150, ljl-1~3, 270~271 research priorities regarding, 249 treatment of sexuality, 7, 19, 91-92, 1~1-152, 249 see also Radio, public service announcements on pregnancy and childbearing; Television Medicaid eligibility, 10, 198, 202, 282, 284, 287 expenditures for adolescent mothers and their children, 133, 205 recommendations regarding, 8, 10, 273, 282 as a source of fertility data, 71 Medicaid reimbursement for abortions, 83, 191, 193, 194 for contraceptive services, 159, 161 for prenatal care and delivery, 10, 198 Miscarriages numbers and rates of, 54-50, 74, 123 124 reporting of, 70 Mortality risk of abortion, 125 of contraceptive use, 161-162 of pregnancy and childbearing, 124 Mother's education child de~rdopment effects associated with, 135-136 ininanon of sexual activity correlated with, 44 see also Academic achic~remcnt/aspiranons; Educational attainment Motha-daughter relationship association of sexual activity with, 102 contraceptive use end, 110, lS0 see also Parent-child relationship N National Association of State Boards of Education, 144 National Center for Health Statistics,. Read the entire page →
From page 332... ... , 22, 25, 149, 223, 22S, 228 Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act, 22 Oral conmcepnves, see Con~racepnve pills Outcome evaluations of adolescent fatherhood programs, 214 of comprehensive care programs, 22 - Z7, 230 control groups in, Z~Z6, 2025: of educational improvement: programs, 179 of funnily co::lmunication programs, 149-150 impediments to performing, 142-14;, 186 of life phoning programs, 177 of Project Choice, 176 of school-based clinics, 170-171, 187, 203 of sex education programs, 146-147, 187 Outcome measures, 252-2~3 Outreach programs to promote condom use, 167-168 Ovarian retention cysts, oral contraceptives to prevent, 162 p Parent-child communication community programs to improve, 14~146, 149-150 nonmarital childbearing associated with, 118 research needs on, 245-246 sexual activity associated with, 102-10 see also Mother-daughter relationship Parental supervision nonmantak hildbearing associated with, 118 sexual activity associated with, 10~104 Parental support and controls effect on adolescent sexual behavior, 102-104 effect on contracepnve use, 11~111 Parenting adolescents, characteristics, 116 Parennog education, 12, 181, 211-214, 229, 291-292 Parents' education abortion decisions ant, 112 adolescent sexual activity and, 10~101 contraccptiveusc end, 107, 111 see also Mother's education Pediamc care for congenital problems, 203 costs, 203 effectiveness, 229 model programs, 202 parenting education with, 212 providers, 201-202, 283-284 recommendanons regarding, 10, 28~284 Pediatricians, provision of contraceptives to minors, 156 Peer counselors, interventions using, 14~146, 149, 270 Peer groups, influence on early sexual activity, 105-106 Peer pressure, 97, 105 Pelvic exams, availability at clinics, 155, 169, 272 Read the entire page →
From page 333... ... ro~rams 149-150, 187 funding for, 143 hot lines, 174 175 media approaches to, 150, 151-153, 27~271; see also Radio, public serges announcemcots OF preo~lCy and childbeanog; Derision pregnancy testing and counseling, 173-175, 191-192, 199, 27~279 programs that impart knowledge/ influence attitudes, 14~153 public service announcements, 152 ~O , Read the entire page →
From page 334... ... 334 INDEX recommcodarsons regarding, 8-10, 276~280 role model and mentonug programs, 177-178, 221-222, 268-270 successful programs, 187-188 teenage thcatre projects, 15~151 types and aims, 141-142 see also Cont:raceprive services; Family life cducarson, content and focus of; Programs thee enhance liEc options; School-based clinics; Sex education Private physicians abortion services by, 191 contraceptive services by, 154 1;7, 159, 162-163 Pro-life organizations, pregnancy testing and counseling, 174 Process evaluanons, 152-153, 251-252 Program c~raluanon research, 13, 25~257; see also Outcome evaluanons; Process c~aluanons Programs that enhance life options alternative schools, 216-218, 267-268, 288 Choices workbook, 177 communsty-based comprehensive, 181-182 educational, 12, 17~179, 267-268, 288-289 ernploymcn:, 12, 179-181, 218-220, 268, 289 [asnily care, 220~221 lifcpl"~g, 175-177, 215-216, 267, 288 fife skills "raining, 11-12, 21~217, 288 recomsnendanons regarding, ~7, 266-269, 287, 291 Project Choice, 116 Project Redirection community women component of, 178, 221-222 effemi~cness, 219, 225 employability dc~relopment, 219 lift plying through, 216 operating COStS, 225 repeat pregnancy rate, 204 support for, 223 Protes~t ~ndamcutalism, effect on adolescent sexual belabor, 90, 100 Psychological consequences of abortions, 19~196 Pubery, assomanon With initiation of sexual activity, 96 Public assistance factor in legitimation decisions, 115 to female-}2eaded families, 81, 119 minority dependence on, 82 sources of, 81 see also Aid to Families With Dependent Children; Welfare; Welfare dependence Public Health Services Act of 1970 Title X, 21, 160, 272-273 Title XX, 227 Public policies influencing sexual and fertility behavior, 21-25, 248-249 Public/Pnvate Ventures Summer Training and Education Program, 18~181 R Race and ethnic differences abortion rates, 58, 60, So, 113, 117 absent fatherhood, 77 adolescents who keep and raise their children, 61 approach tO women's movement, 86 attitudes, 98 births tO adolescents, 53, 58-59 contracepnve use, 117 di~icultics in detemiisiing, 68 familyincome, 80, 131-1S2 family structure, ~76-77, 117 initiation of sexual intercourse, 98 labor force participation, 13~132 marriage patterns, 36, 77-78, 110, 12% nonmantal childbearing, 65 67, 86, 98, 11~117 peer pressures, 97 physical maturity, 97 poverty status, 8~82 pubertal correlation tenth sexual behavior, 96 research necks on, 247-248 school enrollment patterns, 3~38, 181 sexual activity of teenagers, 41 46, 50, 247 Radio, public sconce announcements on adolescent pregnancy and childbearing, 152-153 Reagan adminis~anon, 22, 183 Rebelliousness, nonmarital chilcDoearing correlated untie, 118 Recession, eject on youth movement, 88 Religiousness contraccpti~rc use and, 111 Read the entire page →
From page 335... ... INDEX 335 influence in abortion decision, 113 sexual activity and, 90, 99-100 Remarriage by early childbearers, 129 Research pnonties abortion, 244, 249, 276 adolescent males, 242-243 adoption, 244 community factors affecting sexual decision making, 247-248 ethnographic studies, 241 family factors affecting sexual decision making, 245 paren:-child communication, 245-246 � psychological antecedents and consequences of sexual decision making, 244 245 public policies, 24~249 race differences, 247-248 school dropout, 243 transition behaviors, 93, 102, 243-244 very young teenagers, 242 see also Program evaluation research Reservation wage, effect of early childbearing on, 131-132 Rhythm method of contraception, 48, 161 Rochester Adolescent Maternity Project, 212, 223 Role models older siblings, 104 programs using, 177-178, 221-222, 26~270 working women as, 79 The Rubber Tree, 167 S School, dropping Out of after pregnancy, 12~127 effects on early childbeanog, 126 rates among teenagers, 36, 38, 170 research needs on, 243 sexual activity correlated with, 14 16 School-based clinics accessibility of parent records, 170 child care services, 210 costs and support, 170, 210 cffecn~rencss, 17~171, 187, 203 family planning services of, 169 goals and sentences of, 16~169, 174 limitations, 171 prenatal care through, 199, 283 recommendations regarding, 274-270 Schools enrollment trends by age and race, 36-38 racial composition correlated with sexual activity, 98-99 Segregation, sexual activity correlated with, 8/, 97-99 Select Committee on Children, Youth and Families, 170 Self-esteem contraceptive use and, 110 program for improving, 176 sexual activity and, 101 Self-percepsion, association with sexual behavior and decision making, 12~121 Sex education assertiveness and decision making training with, 148 attitudes about, 143-144 community-based, 14: content and comprehensiveness of, 8, 144 145, 272 effectiveness of programs, 146~147, 187 parental role in, 7, 103, 143 policy recommendations, 7-8, 269-270, 272, 273 relationship between adolescent sexual behavior and, 109, 146 school-based, 14~14 traditional values, insm~ciion in, 145 see also Family life education, content and focus of Sexual acii`,ity age at initiation, 4102, 9097 attitudes about, 69, 83, 84, 98 child support enforcement as a deterrent to, 208 frequency of intercourse, 42,44, 97, 101 nature of the problem, 1~17 o~rcrreporting of, 69 racial/ethnic variation in, 40 42, 45, 50, 247 rates among unmamed teenagers, 15, 40, 45, 50, 72, 84, 96-97 transition behaviors associated with, 93, 102, 24~244 underreporting of, 46 S=cual activity determinants academic aspirationslachievanent, 100 101, 120 age, 9~97 contraception availability, 16' family stn~cn~re, 104 Read the entire page →
From page 336... ... . oaceconom~c status abortions according to, 113 absent fatherhood and, 82 age of initiation of sexual activity and, 44 associated with pregnancy complications, 12~12: of femal~headed families, 8~81, 89 Legitimation end, 115 sexual activity and, 97 trends in, 81 Spermicides rates ofuse, 163 sources, 154 Stenlization as contraceptive method, 8~84, 130, 1~3 SnIIbirths, 124 Student revolts, 83, 87-88 Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants and Children, 200 201, 283 Surgeon General recommendations for prenatal care, 197 Surreys Current Population Surrey, 50, 230235 enhancement of data collection through, 23~237 general population, 50, 230235 health and fertility, 23~-237 Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 23~237 High School and Beyond Surrey, 237 household, 68 69 Kantner-Zelnik, 49, 5~51, 52 National Health and Nurntion ~aminaiior~ Survey, 40 National Longitudinal Surrey of Youth, 43~o, 76, 96, 237, 240 National Natality Sunrey, 23~236 National Survey of Children, 98 National Survey of F=nily Growth, 41, 44,48,50,96,23S, 240 National Survey of Young Women, 42, 98, 1~8, 166 Nielsen Company, 90 problems with, 69-70 youth, 237 Youth Attitude Surrey, 84 Teen Fathers Collaboration Project, 181, 214, 216 Teen Outreach Project, 176, 181 Teen Parent Family Support Project, 210 Teenage theatre, "General High School" soap opera, 15~151 Read the entire page →
From page 337... ... . , instruction as part or sex education/family life education, 145, 146, 148 youth rejection of, 16, 87-90 U Underreporting of abortions, 52, 69, 7~71, 113, 239-240 of adoptions, S1, 69-70 of pregnanaes, 113 of sexual activity, 46 Unemployment adolescent rates by race, sex, and age, 39 black family instability and, 82, 85 nonmaritalchildbearing end, 119 women's changing patterns of, 78-19 Urban lastitute evaluation of comprehensive care program, 144 Uzgiris-Hunt Infant Ordinal Scales, 212 V Vietnam War, effect on youth attitudes, 87, 88, 92 Voluntary Cooperative Information System data collection on adoption, 71, 239 W Watergate effect on youth attitudes, 89 Welfare benefit levels, 115, 119 expenditures to adolescent mothers, 132-133 see also Aid tO Families With Dependent Children Welfare dependence of early childbearers, 2, 130, 132-134, 138, 205 factors associated with, 206, 262 influence on adolescent pregnancy resolution decisions, 110, 119, 206, 287 Withdrawal as contracepnve method, 46, 48, 161 Women's movement contributions to sexual freedom, 8086 influence on adolescents, 86, 92 influence on gender roles, 8~84 y Young Mothers Program, 200, 204, 223 Youth employment programs, 179-181, 218-220, 230, 288 Youth Incentive Entitlement Pilot Projects, 180 Yout~movemcnt, 87-90 Read the entire page →

From page 325...

... . condoms tO prc~rcnt transmission, 166 Adolescent development, 7~93, 110 Adolescent Family Life Act, Title XX, 22-23, 25, 248 Adolescent Family Life Comprehensive Care Prodders, 223

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From page 326...

... 84, 98 and soQocultural developments, 7~93 B Bank Street College youth employment demonstration project, 181, 214 Bayley Infant Scales, 212 Benign breast disease, 162 Big Brothers and Big Sisters, 178 Birth control pills, see Contraceptive pills Birthnght, 174 Births to adolescents numbers and rates of, 1, 1;, 53, 54~;5, 58~0, 6;-67, 72, 261, 276 see also L'ginmation; Nonmarital childbeanog 13ndge Over Troubled Waters, 182 Bureau of Maternal and Child Health Services, 21 C Canada, rates of adolescent pregnancy, 16

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From page 327...

... mortality risk, 161 perceptions of health risks, 272 prevalence of use, 46, 48, 107, 113, 154, 162-163 recommcudanons regarding, 7, 272 research needs on, 258 sources, 154,158, 162 Conmcepave service providers clinics, 1501~9, 162-163, 273; see also Family planning clinics; School-based clinics community seance organizations, 8, 155 funnily planning senders, 153-154 health departments, 8,155 hospitals, 8, lSS pmratc physicians, 150157, 159, 162-163 recommendations regarding, 8, 274 school-based clinics, 8, 168-173, 270275 Conmccptivc sconces access to, 86 attitudes about, 86 availability of, 11, 22, 203, 274, 284 285

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From page 328...

... . sexua activity Delinquency, sexual attitudes and behavior associated with, 93, 243 Dada Sigma Theta, program to enhance life opnons, 178 Demonstration projects, see Abortion services; Children of adolescent mothers; Economic support; Expersmcntal research; Prenatal care and delivery; Pre~rennve inrenrennons; Programs that enhance life options; ~pecsfsc names Developmental effects on children of teenage mothers intelligence and achievement scores, 134 135,212

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From page 329...

... 128,217,248 Educational attainment early childbe~nng and, 125-128, 217, 262 postsecondary, 127 of teenage fathers, 126 see also Academic achievement/aspirations Educational counseling, 179, 181 Emergency services for pregnant and parceling adolescents, 21~215 Employability, programs for enhancing, 179-181, 219 Employment, adolescent as determinant of nonmarital factors conmbuting tO increases in, 78-79 of heads of household, 78 implications for adolescent development, 79 median family income correlated with, 80 Employment, women's, 7~79 Ethnographic studies, unavailability of data for,34,41,52,58,61, 68,241 Europe child support enforcement in, 208 contraceptive advertising in, 153 Evaluation research see Outcome evaluations; Process evaluations Experimental research priorities for, 14, 257-259 Families, female-headed initiation of sexual intercourse by girls in, 104 maternal employment in, 78 nonmantal childbearing by adolescents in, 119 public assistance tO, 81, 119 research priorities on, 245 socioeconomic status, 8~81, 89 trends in, 76. 80, 82 Family care programs, 22~221 Family communications programs, 149-1~0; 187 Family Focus dro~in centers, 216 Family income changing patterns of.

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From page 330...

... aCt2Vlty age trends in, 4204, 96, 98-99 by girls in female-headed families, 104 contraceptive use and, 48 49, 74, 100107, 165 delay of, 3, 7, 172, 258, 269-271 marital disruption associated with, 104 mother's educational attainment and, 44 peer group influence on, 105-106 race differences in, 98 socioeconomic status and, 44 Intelligence of children of teenage mothas, 13013:, 212 sexual activity correlated with, 100 101 Intergenerational effects of early childbearing, 6, 136-139 Intrautenne devices (IUDs) health risks of, 162 pregnancy rate with, 52, :3, 161 prevalence of use, 46, 107, 113, 154 sources, 154, 1~8, 162

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From page 331...

... INDEX 331 J Job Corps, 180 lob opportunities for adolescents, 82, 262 Job training for adolescent fathers, 18~181 Johns Hopkins School of Mediane Adolescent Pregnancy Program, 171-172, 202, 223 school-based clinic model, 171-173, 202, 204 Junior League Teen Outreach Program, 176, 187 K Kappa Alpha Psi program tO enhance life options, 178 L Labor force participation by early childbearers, 13~132 by parents of adolescents, 78-79 program tO improve adolescent, 181 rates of adolescent, 39, 13~132 I~egitimanon determinants, 61, 115 educanonal attainment following, 127 raial/ethnic patterns of, 78, 115, 128 rates of, 60 63, 74, 77-78, 114, 128 Life options, see Programs that chance life options Life Planning Project, 176 Life planning, programs tO improve, 17~117, 21~216, 267, 288 Life Skills Counseling program, 148 Life skills training, 11-12, 21~217, 288 Liver tumors from oral contraceptives, 162 Low b~hweight infants costs of care, 203 prenatal care interventions, 196, 201 M Marital disruption association with initiation of adolescent sexual activity, 104 factors contributing to, 85 Marital stabilizer, adolescent parenthood implications for, 1-2, 18, 129, 262 Marriage attitudes about, 77, 83, 98 changing patterns of, 77-78, 85 to legitimate a birth, see Legitimation prevalence among teenagers, 35-36, 72 Maternal and Child Health block grant services funded by, 22, 160, 19~199 Maternal-In~nt Care Program, 170, 223 Media approaches to preventive interventions, 150, ljl-1~3, 270~271 research priorities regarding, 249 treatment of sexuality, 7, 19, 91-92, 1~1-152, 249 see also Radio, public service announcements on pregnancy and childbearing; Television Medicaid eligibility, 10, 198, 202, 282, 284, 287 expenditures for adolescent mothers and their children, 133, 205 recommendations regarding, 8, 10, 273, 282 as a source of fertility data, 71 Medicaid reimbursement for abortions, 83, 191, 193, 194 for contraceptive services, 159, 161 for prenatal care and delivery, 10, 198 Miscarriages numbers and rates of, 54-50, 74, 123 124 reporting of, 70 Mortality risk of abortion, 125 of contraceptive use, 161-162 of pregnancy and childbearing, 124 Mother's education child de~rdopment effects associated with, 135-136 ininanon of sexual activity correlated with, 44 see also Academic achic~remcnt/aspiranons; Educational attainment Motha-daughter relationship association of sexual activity with, 102 contraceptive use end, 110, lS0 see also Parent-child relationship N National Association of State Boards of Education, 144 National Center for Health Statistics,.

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From page 332...

... , 22, 25, 149, 223, 22S, 228 Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act, 22 Oral conmcepnves, see Con~racepnve pills Outcome evaluations of adolescent fatherhood programs, 214 of comprehensive care programs, 22 - Z7, 230 control groups in, Z~Z6, 2025: of educational improvement: programs, 179 of funnily co::lmunication programs, 149-150 impediments to performing, 142-14;, 186 of life phoning programs, 177 of Project Choice, 176 of school-based clinics, 170-171, 187, 203 of sex education programs, 146-147, 187 Outcome measures, 252-2~3 Outreach programs to promote condom use, 167-168 Ovarian retention cysts, oral contraceptives to prevent, 162 p Parent-child communication community programs to improve, 14~146, 149-150 nonmarital childbearing associated with, 118 research needs on, 245-246 sexual activity associated with, 102-10 see also Mother-daughter relationship Parental supervision nonmantak hildbearing associated with, 118 sexual activity associated with, 10~104 Parental support and controls effect on adolescent sexual behavior, 102-104 effect on contracepnve use, 11~111 Parenting adolescents, characteristics, 116 Parennog education, 12, 181, 211-214, 229, 291-292 Parents' education abortion decisions ant, 112 adolescent sexual activity and, 10~101 contraccptiveusc end, 107, 111 see also Mother's education Pediamc care for congenital problems, 203 costs, 203 effectiveness, 229 model programs, 202 parenting education with, 212 providers, 201-202, 283-284 recommendanons regarding, 10, 28~284 Pediatricians, provision of contraceptives to minors, 156 Peer counselors, interventions using, 14~146, 149, 270 Peer groups, influence on early sexual activity, 105-106 Peer pressure, 97, 105 Pelvic exams, availability at clinics, 155, 169, 272

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From page 333...

... ro~rams 149-150, 187 funding for, 143 hot lines, 174 175 media approaches to, 150, 151-153, 27~271; see also Radio, public serges announcemcots OF preo~lCy and childbeanog; Derision pregnancy testing and counseling, 173-175, 191-192, 199, 27~279 programs that impart knowledge/ influence attitudes, 14~153 public service announcements, 152 ~O ,

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From page 334...

... 334 INDEX recommcodarsons regarding, 8-10, 276~280 role model and mentonug programs, 177-178, 221-222, 268-270 successful programs, 187-188 teenage thcatre projects, 15~151 types and aims, 141-142 see also Cont:raceprive services; Family life cducarson, content and focus of; Programs thee enhance liEc options; School-based clinics; Sex education Private physicians abortion services by, 191 contraceptive services by, 154 1;7, 159, 162-163 Pro-life organizations, pregnancy testing and counseling, 174 Process evaluanons, 152-153, 251-252 Program c~raluanon research, 13, 25~257; see also Outcome evaluanons; Process c~aluanons Programs that enhance life options alternative schools, 216-218, 267-268, 288 Choices workbook, 177 communsty-based comprehensive, 181-182 educational, 12, 17~179, 267-268, 288-289 ernploymcn:, 12, 179-181, 218-220, 268, 289 [asnily care, 220~221 lifcpl"~g, 175-177, 215-216, 267, 288 fife skills "raining, 11-12, 21~217, 288 recomsnendanons regarding, ~7, 266-269, 287, 291 Project Choice, 116 Project Redirection community women component of, 178, 221-222 effemi~cness, 219, 225 employability dc~relopment, 219 lift plying through, 216 operating COStS, 225 repeat pregnancy rate, 204 support for, 223 Protes~t ~ndamcutalism, effect on adolescent sexual belabor, 90, 100 Psychological consequences of abortions, 19~196 Pubery, assomanon With initiation of sexual activity, 96 Public assistance factor in legitimation decisions, 115 to female-}2eaded families, 81, 119 minority dependence on, 82 sources of, 81 see also Aid to Families With Dependent Children; Welfare; Welfare dependence Public Health Services Act of 1970 Title X, 21, 160, 272-273 Title XX, 227 Public policies influencing sexual and fertility behavior, 21-25, 248-249 Public/Pnvate Ventures Summer Training and Education Program, 18~181 R Race and ethnic differences abortion rates, 58, 60, So, 113, 117 absent fatherhood, 77 adolescents who keep and raise their children, 61 approach tO women's movement, 86 attitudes, 98 births tO adolescents, 53, 58-59 contracepnve use, 117 di~icultics in detemiisiing, 68 familyincome, 80, 131-1S2 family structure, ~76-77, 117 initiation of sexual intercourse, 98 labor force participation, 13~132 marriage patterns, 36, 77-78, 110, 12% nonmantal childbearing, 65 67, 86, 98, 11~117 peer pressures, 97 physical maturity, 97 poverty status, 8~82 pubertal correlation tenth sexual behavior, 96 research necks on, 247-248 school enrollment patterns, 3~38, 181 sexual activity of teenagers, 41 46, 50, 247 Radio, public sconce announcements on adolescent pregnancy and childbearing, 152-153 Reagan adminis~anon, 22, 183 Rebelliousness, nonmarital chilcDoearing correlated untie, 118 Recession, eject on youth movement, 88 Religiousness contraccpti~rc use and, 111

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From page 335...

... INDEX 335 influence in abortion decision, 113 sexual activity and, 90, 99-100 Remarriage by early childbearers, 129 Research pnonties abortion, 244, 249, 276 adolescent males, 242-243 adoption, 244 community factors affecting sexual decision making, 247-248 ethnographic studies, 241 family factors affecting sexual decision making, 245 paren:-child communication, 245-246 � psychological antecedents and consequences of sexual decision making, 244 245 public policies, 24~249 race differences, 247-248 school dropout, 243 transition behaviors, 93, 102, 243-244 very young teenagers, 242 see also Program evaluation research Reservation wage, effect of early childbearing on, 131-132 Rhythm method of contraception, 48, 161 Rochester Adolescent Maternity Project, 212, 223 Role models older siblings, 104 programs using, 177-178, 221-222, 26~270 working women as, 79 The Rubber Tree, 167 S School, dropping Out of after pregnancy, 12~127 effects on early childbeanog, 126 rates among teenagers, 36, 38, 170 research needs on, 243 sexual activity correlated with, 14 16 School-based clinics accessibility of parent records, 170 child care services, 210 costs and support, 170, 210 cffecn~rencss, 17~171, 187, 203 family planning services of, 169 goals and sentences of, 16~169, 174 limitations, 171 prenatal care through, 199, 283 recommendations regarding, 274-270 Schools enrollment trends by age and race, 36-38 racial composition correlated with sexual activity, 98-99 Segregation, sexual activity correlated with, 8/, 97-99 Select Committee on Children, Youth and Families, 170 Self-esteem contraceptive use and, 110 program for improving, 176 sexual activity and, 101 Self-percepsion, association with sexual behavior and decision making, 12~121 Sex education assertiveness and decision making training with, 148 attitudes about, 143-144 community-based, 14: content and comprehensiveness of, 8, 144 145, 272 effectiveness of programs, 146~147, 187 parental role in, 7, 103, 143 policy recommendations, 7-8, 269-270, 272, 273 relationship between adolescent sexual behavior and, 109, 146 school-based, 14~14 traditional values, insm~ciion in, 145 see also Family life education, content and focus of Sexual acii`,ity age at initiation, 4102, 9097 attitudes about, 69, 83, 84, 98 child support enforcement as a deterrent to, 208 frequency of intercourse, 42,44, 97, 101 nature of the problem, 1~17 o~rcrreporting of, 69 racial/ethnic variation in, 40 42, 45, 50, 247 rates among unmamed teenagers, 15, 40, 45, 50, 72, 84, 96-97 transition behaviors associated with, 93, 102, 24~244 underreporting of, 46 S=cual activity determinants academic aspirationslachievanent, 100 101, 120 age, 9~97 contraception availability, 16' family stn~cn~re, 104

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From page 336...

... . oaceconom~c status abortions according to, 113 absent fatherhood and, 82 age of initiation of sexual activity and, 44 associated with pregnancy complications, 12~12: of femal~headed families, 8~81, 89 Legitimation end, 115 sexual activity and, 97 trends in, 81 Spermicides rates ofuse, 163 sources, 154 Stenlization as contraceptive method, 8~84, 130, 1~3 SnIIbirths, 124 Student revolts, 83, 87-88 Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants and Children, 200 201, 283 Surgeon General recommendations for prenatal care, 197 Surreys Current Population Surrey, 50, 230235 enhancement of data collection through, 23~237 general population, 50, 230235 health and fertility, 23~-237 Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 23~237 High School and Beyond Surrey, 237 household, 68 69 Kantner-Zelnik, 49, 5~51, 52 National Health and Nurntion ~aminaiior~ Survey, 40 National Longitudinal Surrey of Youth, 43~o, 76, 96, 237, 240 National Natality Sunrey, 23~236 National Survey of Children, 98 National Survey of F=nily Growth, 41, 44,48,50,96,23S, 240 National Survey of Young Women, 42, 98, 1~8, 166 Nielsen Company, 90 problems with, 69-70 youth, 237 Youth Attitude Surrey, 84 Teen Fathers Collaboration Project, 181, 214, 216 Teen Outreach Project, 176, 181 Teen Parent Family Support Project, 210 Teenage theatre, "General High School" soap opera, 15~151

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... . , instruction as part or sex education/family life education, 145, 146, 148 youth rejection of, 16, 87-90 U Underreporting of abortions, 52, 69, 7~71, 113, 239-240 of adoptions, S1, 69-70 of pregnanaes, 113 of sexual activity, 46 Unemployment adolescent rates by race, sex, and age, 39 black family instability and, 82, 85 nonmaritalchildbearing end, 119 women's changing patterns of, 78-19 Urban lastitute evaluation of comprehensive care program, 144 Uzgiris-Hunt Infant Ordinal Scales, 212 V Vietnam War, effect on youth attitudes, 87, 88, 92 Voluntary Cooperative Information System data collection on adoption, 71, 239 W Watergate effect on youth attitudes, 89 Welfare benefit levels, 115, 119 expenditures to adolescent mothers, 132-133 see also Aid tO Families With Dependent Children Welfare dependence of early childbearers, 2, 130, 132-134, 138, 205 factors associated with, 206, 262 influence on adolescent pregnancy resolution decisions, 110, 119, 206, 287 Withdrawal as contracepnve method, 46, 48, 161 Women's movement contributions to sexual freedom, 8086 influence on adolescents, 86, 92 influence on gender roles, 8~84 y Young Mothers Program, 200, 204, 223 Youth employment programs, 179-181, 218-220, 230, 288 Youth Incentive Entitlement Pilot Projects, 180 Yout~movemcnt, 87-90

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Index Pages 325-337

Index
Pages 325-337