R & D Consortia and U.S.-Japan Collaboration Report of a Workshop (1991) / Chapter Skim
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2. Background
2. Background
Pages 4-9
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From page 4... ...
When organizations seek to access or develop technology, they can utilize a variety of alternatives to R&D consortia; options include licensing agreements, researcher exchanges, contract research at universities, and collaboration in weapons development as part of the government procurement process. Consortia are nothing new, but they are becoming more important as alliances of many types are being built among corporations around the world.
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From page 5... ...
The environments for R&D collaboration in the United States and Japan are different, yet there are common themes related to the motivations, organizational structures, government roles, and effectiveness within each national setting. What motivates firms to participate in consortia?
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From page 6... ...
Even the United States had a consortium of oil and construction companies that developed a fuel bed catalytic process in the 1930s. This was the largest R&D undertaking before the Manhattan Project.4 Japan 4 The United States also established, under the NACA, windrunnel programs in which U.S.
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From page 7... ...
companies in the automobile, machine tool, consumer electronics, and semiconductor industries suffered reverses in their competitive struggles with Japanese industry. As market share losses accumulated, it became increasingly clear that the Japanese challenge was based in large part on high-quality manufacturing and the rapid inco~porai~on of new technologies into products and processes.
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From page 8... ...
Note: Table does not include consortia launched under the Japan Key Technology Center, the Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO) program, the Bio-Oriented Re search Advancement Institution, or the Adverse Drug Reaction and Drug Research Promotion Fund.
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From page 9... ...
was founded by a number of large systems and components companies as a response to Japan's Fifth Generation Program, and other consortia were launched at about the same time, most of them established at universities. The federal government provided funding for new R&D consortia the National Science Foundation launched its university-based Engineering Research Centers and Congress passed the Cooperative Research Act for the steel industry in the mid1980s.
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