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The Working Environment for Research in U.S. and Japanese Universities Contrasts and Commonalities (1989) / Chapter Skim
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2. Organization and Funding
Pages 4-8

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From page 4...
... Japanese university research is generally seen as more group-based, hierarchically organized, and directed than that in the United States; this rigidity is reinforced by Japan's traditional university research funding system. American university researchers, particularly younger researchers, by contrast, are more independent and more mobile, and the American system of independent funding reinforces that tendency.
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From page 5...
... Most research funds are distributed via the chair system described above. In this way, the central government exercises considerable control over Japanese national university activities.
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From page 6...
... special research funds for facilities and equipment necessary for specific research projects, and (3) grants to researchers or groups of researchers who apply for them through a competitive process.
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From page 7...
... In both the United States and Japan, the university research funding systems can discourage young researchers. In Japan, the hierarchical nature of the seniority system provides researchers with access to more funding as they gain seniority.
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From page 8...
... , that plays the role of allocating general research funds played by Monbusho in Japan. In 1985 NSF provided only about 16 percent of the federal support made available for academic research and development.5 Government support of university research in the United States is much more mission-oriented than that in Japan.
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Key Terms

  • national university
  • japanese university
  • university researchers
  • national universities
  • japanese national

  • university laboratory
  • standard formula
  • university administration
  • special research
  • funding reinforces

  • hierarchically organized
  • private education
  • manufacturing engineering
  • university budgets
  • nation meets

  • exercises considerable
  • laboratory setting
  • differences affect
  • nsf provided
  • university department

  • university operating
  • varying agendas
  • central government
  • foreign researcher
  • systemic factors

  • constantly faced
  • operating expenses
  • shi genkaku
  • university activities
  • probably due


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