Learning the R & D System Industrial R & D in Japan and the United States (1990) / Chapter Skim
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1 The Changing Context for Industrial R&D: Competition and Collaboration
1 The Changing Context for Industrial R&D: Competition and Collaboration
Pages 1-5
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From page 1... ...
The need to stay abreast of R&D under way overseas, in the face of limited resources and rapid technology change, has created a context for expanded technological exchange between some types of industries in Japan and the United States. The semiconductor industry is a prime example.
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From page 2... ...
industry provided about $57 billion.2 Another contrast lies in the rapid rate of increase in R&D funded by Japanese industry, primarily for the civilian economy. As a percentage of GNP, Japanese industrial R&D more than doubled between 1965 and 1986, resulting in an increase in Japan's industrial R&D expenditures from less than one-tenth to one-third that of the United States' expenditures.3 Furthermore, Japanese industrial R&D funded by industry grew dramatically at a rate much higher than in other industrial countries in real teens in the 1980s.4 ~ contrast, Japanese government expenditures on R&D have been much smaller (as 1 00% Go% 80% 70% 30% 20% 10% 0% 1 1 1 1 I I I I I I T I I I I ~ ~ I ~ 19701971 1972197319741975197619771978197919801981 1982198319841985198619871989 YEAR Japan ~ USA FIGURE 1 Industry share of total R&D funding.
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From page 3... ...
STA's figures would make the share of Japanese industry more closely resem ble that of U.S. industry.
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From page 4... ...
Another difference complicating the prospects for collaborative technology development are divergent views in Japan and the United States as to what constitutes precompetitive research. In a general sense there is agreement that precompetitive research is a middle ground of focused, cutting-edge research that lies between proprietary research conducted in corporate laboratories and fundamental research conducted mainly at universities.
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From page 5... ...
However, the fundamental differences in industrial R&D in the two countries are unlikely to disappear quickly. Despite the significant constraints on technological collaboration, both domestic and international external forces dictate that interdependence-if not cooperation-between companies performing industrial R&D in Japan and the United States is likely to increase.
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