Learning the R & D System National Laboratories and Other Non-Academic, Non-Industrial Organizations in Japan and the United States (1989) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
3 National Laboratories, Special Corporations and Other Government-Owned Organizations
3 National Laboratories, Special Corporations and Other Government-Owned Organizations
Pages 10-19
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 10... ...
If national laboratories are strictly defined, Japanese national labs receive a relatively small share of the government's R&D budget as well 14.1 percent-compared to U.S. federal labs, which receive 25.6 percent.~7 While the share of the government R&D budget allocated to national labs has remained fairly constant in both countries since 1980, the overall U.S.
|
From page 11... ...
Between 1945 and the mid-1960s, DOE labs transferred nuclear technology to industry, in part through educational efforts, and moved into basic, non-industrial research areas such as nuclear medicine.20 Dunng the same period, ETL took on a leading role in adapting and developing transistor, integrated circuit, and information processing technologies for industrial use. During the 1960s the Japanese government made its first serious attempt to establish a comprehensive policy concerning its national labs.
|
From page 12... ...
Despite recent Japanese policy emphasis on more creative, basic research, many national lab efforts in Japan continue to focus on applied areas expected to be useful to industry. Similarly, despite increased attention in the United States to technology transfer from federal labs to industry, it appears unlikely that technology transfer will become the primary mission of many U.S.
|
From page 13... ...
In order to accomplish more technology transfer from federal labs, a number of steps have been taken. These include the creation of offices of technology transfer in the federal labs, changes in patenting and royalty mechanisms that permit companies to acquire exclusive licenses and federal lab researchers to receive a percentage of the royalties from commercialized technology, and reimbursement schemes that allow private companies to conduct proprietary research at federal user facilities like the synchrotron light source at Brookhaven National Laboratory.
|
From page 14... ...
The materials and instrumentation industries are considered likely candidates to benefit from DOE lab contributions, but many U.S. federal labs focus on basic research and some companies have complained that preference for access to expensive user facilities is provided to firms conducting "exotic" research (as opposed to routine qualification work)
|
From page 15... ...
INDUSTRY-NATIONAL LAB RELATIONS IN JAPAN As noted above, the role of national labs in transferring technology to industry continues to be somewhat controversial in the United States but has long been accepted in Japan. There are a variety of ways in which industry is involved with the work of Japanese national labs.
|
From page 16... ...
Despite recent efforts to encourage greater researcher exchange from national labs to the private sector, the flow continues to be one-sided in Japan. A recent survey indicated that for nearly 500 industry researchers dispatched to national labs in 1988, there was only one national lab researcher who spent time in an industry laboratory.27 There are a number of specialized organizations that have been created in
|
From page 17... ...
These include sponsored research, employee exchange, industrial use of special facilities such as that at Brookhaven National Laboratory, recently instituted regulations that allow exclusive licenses to be issued from federal labs to private companies, and the activities of the Federal Laboratory Consortium, established in part to help industry identify appropriate research under way in federal labs. NTT A SPECIAL CASE One former public corporation, N=, deserves special mention.
|
From page 18... ...
While the DOE labs are some of the largest in the United States and there are no multipurpose labs in Japan with which to accurately compare them, some Japanese national labs also have large budgets. JDA's 1988 national lab budget, for example, was 81,756 million yen (about $638 million)
|
From page 19... ...
ETL, one of Japan's largest national labs, employs only 560 research staff. Japanese national labs are also troubled by government budget stagnation, which has resulted in a leveling off in the number of new hires.38 In the United States, visiting and guest researchers account for a significant portion of the work conducted at federal labs.
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.